5 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
duration of LTM
A
15 seconds to a lifetime
2
Q
max capacity of LTM
A
doesn’t exist
3
Q
trigram, what is it, who first used it, how did they use it
A
ebbinghaus used it for plotting a forgetting curve. it is a random 3 letters, and he was interested in how many he remembered a given amount of time later
4
Q
why did ebbinghaus use trigrams
A
he wanted to remove all meaning from things to be remembered as to not be affected by past knowledge
5
Q
what did the ebbinghaus forgetting curve reveal
A
there is no capacity limit to LTM and memory appears to plateu after a month, with only 30% being left. we forget most of what we learn in a day
6
Q
filing cabinet theory
A
saving a file in the appropriate folder makes it easier to retrieve certain info. encoding and retrieval both affect if we can remember something
7
Q
how is information in LTM coded, according to baddeley
A
baddeley says LTM is stored semantically, based on meaning
8
Q
processing approach to LTM
A
all forms of long term memory are the same. how we process the information determines the memory (how long we remember it for, capacity, type of memory)
9
Q
systems approach to LTM
A
proposed by atkinson and shriffin, says LTM shares information but are different (hold different info in different codes, do different things)
10
Q
serial position curve, what memory systems does it support
A
STM and LTM. evidence for 2 memory systems
11
Q
effects seen in the serial position curve (what causes the curve)
A
primacy effect is from having sufficient time to rehearse and store information in LTM. recency effect is due to information still being in STM
12
Q
how to prevent the primacy effect
A
stop rehearsal by presenting stuff faster
13
Q
how to prevent recency effect
A
wait 30 seconds before asking for recall, or force people to report from beginning of the list
14
Q
serial position curve poor memory for items in the middle can be explained by what theories
A
decay (indicated by things going away in memory if you wait; such as the wait 30 seconds to fuck up recency effect strat), and interference theory (both retroactive and proactive)
15
Q
retroactive interference
A
recent info fucks up old info
16
Q
proactive interference
A
past info fucks up recent info
17
Q
interference theory is systems or processes
A
processes theory, because it does not involve different types of memory
18
Q
is decay or interference theory better evidence for the serial position curve, why
A
interference is, because it can be proved while decay is the absence of something and cannot be proved
19
Q
squire’s memory systems framework proposed two types of long term memory
A
declarative (explicit) and nondeclarative (implicit)
20
Q
what is implicit memory
A
you know you can do it, but you do it automatically. if you think about doing it, you will fuck up (like typing)
21
Q
types of implicit memory
A
procedural, priming, simple classical conditioning, nonassociative learning
22
Q
what physiological/psychological phenomena contribute to simple classical conditioning
A
emotional responses and skeletal musculature
23
Q
what are the two parts of explicit memory
A
semantic and episodic
24
Q
ways to test explicit memory
A
recognition and recall
25
types of recall memory tasks
free recall, serial recall, cued recall
26
recognition tasks procedure
tests familiarity. asks: have you seen this?
27
free recall tasks procedure and pros
easy to administer. participants can recall in any order
28
serial recall procedure
recall in the order the stimuli was presented
29
cued recall
given a hint for the stimuli to recall
30
in what modality do many memories first get encoded into LTM, what modality do they become over time
start off episodic and semantic, then episodic elements fade leaving only semantic
31
double dissociation. what is it, how does it apply to memory
hippocampal damage leading to long term memory issues, but short term is intact. double dissociation is when a function is preserved when another is compromised, suggesting two different mechanisms
32
what does double dissociation proove
STM and LTM are separate, systems perspective
33
how to test implicit memories
procedural and priming tasks
34
procedural memory testing task
teach task, repeat, if you improve, then it is procedural
35
priming method of testing memory tasks
repetition priming: stimulis shown twice, the second time should lead to a faster response.
semantic priming: semantically related words make you respond faster
36
do amnesia patients support a systems or processing approach
systems, because they lose certain types of memory and not others
37
does amnesia refere to retro or anterograde
usually retrograde (past memory loss)
38
causes of amnesia
trauma (physical/emotional), occasionally random. specifically concussions commonly cause it.
39
retrograde amnesia is graded because
older memories are less likely to be lost
40
are concussion caused amnesias's permanent
no, usually is brief
41
anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia, which is more severe, why
anterograde, because it doesn't usually recover
42
HM case study for amnesia. how do seizures work, what was removed, what was the results
intractable, seizure disorder. seizures occur when neurons fire synchronously, starting at a focal point (medial temporal lobe for HM). so the area was bilaterally removed, no other effects than the inability to form new memories (lack of memory consolidations). a good case study because damage is surgically caused and very well defined
43
what part of the brain associated with memory is part of the medial temporal lobe
hippocampus
44
difference between encoding and consolidation of memory
encoding is a cognitive process that forms a representation. the cognitive process is caused by the neural process of forming memories, known as consolidation.
45
HM case study symptoms that indicate a loss of memory conslidation
no memory of aging, cannot recognize photos of self, surprised by self-reflection
46
what types of memory could HM remember, as shown through what tasks
implicit learning, shown through priming and procedural tasks
47
types of priming tasks done for HM
word completion (like the attention thing in class with certain letters blocked out). incomplete picture tasks (look at bunch of degraded pics, wait a day or so, and see if the person remembers the images with minimal cues)
48
types of procedural tasks done for HM
memory for action, such as mirror tracing. draw a star while looking at a mirror (everything is reversed). HM had improvements like an average individual but no memory of practice
49
synaptic consolidation
happens on the neuronal level (what happens across adjacent synapses), is fast acting.
50
systems consolidation
involves multiple brain structures to make memories durable and/or permanant. takes a long time decades). connections between many neurons and systems.
51
reconsolidation
occurs when a memory is reactivated, you reconsolidate it to put it back into LTM. but reconsolidating it is much faster than non-re consolidation
52
long term potentiation
the most common synaptic change where either more vesicles or neurotransmitters are released, or more receptors/more receptive sites. it is most likely the mechanism that drives synaptic consolidation, and makes post synaptic neurons more sensitive and have increased firing rate
53
is systems or synaptic consolidation more durable
systems
54
which part of the brain is particularly important for systems consolidation
medial temporal lobe, specifically the hippocampus
55
hippocampal replay
a proposed mechanism that tries to explain how long lasting stable memories are maintained (you nee dmore than a local cellular response). the brain activity that occurs during a task is repeated. this theory is often proposed as a method for systems consolidation
56
is hippocampal replay hippocampal dependent
yes, after consolidation, hippocampus is seen as no longer needed. therefore, hippocampal damage doesn't affect hildhood memories (because memories have been conslidated for a long time)
57
the standard model of consolidation is hippocampal (dependent/independent). the retrieval process of this standard model is hippocampal (dependent/independent)
consolidation is hippocampal dependent, retrieval is hippocampal independent.
58
which model of consolidation did HM contribute to
standard model of consolidation. remember, he has anterograde amnesia
59
what does the hippocampus do in systems consolidation
consolidation, the hippocampus is just a scaffold to hold connections before going to the cortex. it binds info across different cortical areas, so the cortical connections are strengthened over time
60
why is retrieval hippocampal independent in the standard model of consolidation
this is because the memory is said to be stored in cortex
61
multiple trace theory
a theory of systems consolidation that is hippocampal dependent for consolidation and hippocampal independent for retrievel. I.E. the same as the standard theory, but ONLY FOR SEMANTIC MEMORIES. it believes episodic memories are hippocampal dependent
62
why was the multiple trace theory proposed
because it was thought there was no evidence for episodic memory in HM's case, as he was compensating. he had no event details (i.e. event unique things)
63
systems consolidation trace theory
each time the memory reactivated, hippocampus points to active cortical regions. these traces are similar with some differences (i.e. "paris is the capital of france" seen multiple times). the more overlap over time, the stronger the memory. the hippocampus is important for binding that information and acts like an index for episodic memories, to tell you where to find traces in cortex
64
why don't you need the hippocampus as a pointer for trace theory regarding semantic memories
because there are facts and there is no need to separate details from each other anymore
65
craik and lockhart proposed what theory
levels of proessing
66
levels of processing framework
alternate to systems approach for memory. explains that how we encode info affects likelihood of retrieval, rather than where it is stored or how long it was stored there. memory is byproduct of the level at which info is processed
67
two types of rehearsal, explain both
maintenance (keeps info active in STM, and moves stuff to LTM brute forcing it. can work with chunking), and elaborative (links info from STM to LTM info, meaning based to create connections)
68
what did craik and lockhart's study reveal? did it support the levels of processing framework?
yes, it was discovered that processing words on if they were synonyms improved rates of correct recall more than processing font and rhyme
69
problems with levels of processing framework
circular reasoning behind deep processing. deep processing leads to better memory, memory is better after processing for meaning; forms a loop.
70
elaboration
arises from LOP theory, creating meaningful links to LTM.
71
distinctiveness
arises from LOP theory, also known as the isolation effect or the von Restorff effect. makes memories different, so one cue can tell you exactly where to find info
72
why is LOP not a theory but instead a framework
it explains what influences memory but not why, "deep" and "shallow" are hard to define
73
animacy effect and rationale
a way of encoding to increase survival, potentially due to ease of elaboration being higher for animate objects
74
forgetting from LTM is usually due to
retrieval failure, info is available but not accessible
75
familiarity and tip of the tongue phenomena are due to
retrieval failure
76
differences between LOP and encoding specificity theory
LOP predicts that the deeper the processing at encoding, the better the retrieval, but encoding specificity theory points out shallow processing can produce better recall than deep processing if the context at encoding matches the encoding at retrieval
77
who proposed the encoding specificity theory, what did it counter
tulving and thomson. it countered the LOP framework
78
tulving and thomson experiment
target words (BLACK) with context words (train) are presented. context words will not be tested. filler task where you write words that come to mind for the NEW target word (WHITE) (free association task where you hope priming causes person to write "BLACK"). recognition task using self generated items from phase 2, and cued recall task using context words from phase 1. BOTH attempted to recall the target words for phase 1
79
what does LOP predict would happen in the tulving and thomson experiment
the recognition task using self generated items from phase 2 because they are cued and also elaborated on
80
what were the actual results in the tulving and thomson study
the cued recall task using context words from phase 1 because the memory is better when the context at enconding matches the context at retrieval
81
transfer appropriate learning
says how well info is remembered depends not only on how well it was initially encoded, but also on how well some later memory cues matches the way it was encoded. verbal encoding will be good for verbal retrieval for example. concerns internal states
82
context dependent learning and example
something in the environment matches at encoding and retrieval. external. an example is the scuba diver learning experiment
83
state dependent learning
mood/alert/tired states will help retrieval if matching
84
why does encoding specificity theory work
the brain makes associations between environments and objects within these environments, so we can predict what tends to appear where. this is a function we can't turn off
85
baddeley did what experiment regarding encoding specificity theory
context dependent learning was investgated by testing scuba divers that memorized words in water/on land then testing them in water/on land
86
does encoding specificity apply for drunken learning state dependent learning
yes, but because being intoxicated really fucks with memory, while you will be better at retrieval while intoxicated if you were intoxicated at encoding, it is better to just not be drunk in the first place
87
ways to improve LTM encoding
engage in deep processing by adding meaning to meaningless lists, organizing things into categories or hierarchies (retrieval of one gets relevant ones too), make it personally relevant. generate info yourself (stem completion; basically the thing my mom got me to do as a kid), use imagery (paivio), interactive images (bizarreness by combining things; bread shoes)
88
how do levels of processing and encoding specificity help explain why distributed practice leads to better memory than massed practice
more likely to engage in elaborate encoding due to alternate strategy use, increased number of cues available to use at recall (don't know testing conditions; egg in many baskets)
89
what is it called when encoding is better when you recall and encode in the same modality
transfer approporiate processing
90
what is it called when there is something matching in the environment during retrieval and encoding, boosting memory
context dependent learning
91
what is it called when your mood matches at encoding and retrieval, boosting recall
state-dependent learning
