2-4

Question 1

causal vs correlational relationships

Answer 1

Causal association
• One variable directly or indirectly causes changes in another
• Unidirectional
• Bidirectional

Correlational relationship
• Changes in one variable accompany (covary with) changes
in another
• CORRELATION IS NOT CAUSATION

Question 2

how do we determine whether one variable caused the other?

Answer 2

f

Question 3

What is the main purpose of correlational research/designs?

Answer 3

1. When gathering data in the early stages of research
2. When manipulating an IV is impossible or unethical
3. When you are examining two or more naturally occurring variables

Question 4

What are the limitations of correlational research?

Answer 4

f

Question 5

directional problem

Answer 5

Not always possible to specify the direction in which a causal arrow points`

Question 6

Not always possible to specify the direction in which a causal arrow points

Answer 6

directional problem

Question 7

Why can’t we infer causation from correlational relationships among variables?

Answer 7

third-variable problem and directional problem

Question 8

experimental research

Answer 8

an iv is manipulated and a dv is measured

Question 9

strengths of experimental research

Answer 9

Identification of causal relationships among

variables

Question 10

limitations of experimental research

Answer 10

sometimes can’t manipulate variables

requires tight control

Question 11

difference between IV and DV

Answer 11

IV: the variables that are manipulated

DV: the variables that are measured

Question 12

What is internal validity?

Answer 12

the degree to which your design tests what it was intended to test

Question 13

How is internal validity threatened?

Answer 13

CONFOUNDING and EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES

Question 14

confounding varaibles

Answer 14

a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable, causing a spurious association.

Question 15

a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable, causing a spurious association.

Answer 15

confounding variables

Question 16

extraneous variables

Answer 16

any variables that you are not intentionally studying in your experiment or test.

Question 17

any variables that you are not intentionally studying in your experiment or test.

Answer 17

extraneous variales

Question 18

What are the threats to internal validity?

Answer 18

history
maturation
instrumentatoin
statistical regression
biased subject selection
experimental mortality

Question 19

history

Answer 19

events may occur between multiple observatoins

Question 20

events may occur between multiple observatoins

Answer 20

history

Question 21

maturatoin

Answer 21

participants may become older or fatigued

Question 22

participants may become older or fatigued

Answer 22

maturation

Question 23

testing

Answer 23

taking a pretest can affect results of a later test

Question 24

taking a pretest can affect results of a later test

Answer 24

testing

Question 25

instrumentatoin

Answer 25

changes in instrument calibration or observers may chance results

Question 26

changes in instrument calibration or observers may chance results

Answer 26

instrumentation

Question 27

statistical regression

Answer 27

subjects may be selected based on extreme scores

Question 28

subjects may be selected based on extreme scores

Answer 28

statistical regression

Question 29

biased subject selection

Answer 29

subjects may be chosen in a biased fashion

Question 30

subjects may be chosen in a biased fashion

Answer 30

biased subject selectoin

Question 31

experimental mortality

Answer 31

differential loss of subjects from groups in a study may occur

Question 32

differential loss of subjects from groups in a study may occur

Answer 32

experimental mortality

Question 33

how do we correct the problems introduced by extraneous factors?

Answer 33

control

random assignment

Question 34

Pros and cons of laboratory settings

Answer 34

f

Question 35

pros and cons of field settings

Answer 35

f