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PSY 3500 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How can experience help you come up with research ideas?

A

2 types: unsystematic observation and systematic observation

experiences help because the things that happen very day can influence questions that we want answers to

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2
Q

How can unsystematic observation help you develop research ideas?

A

using the experiences of everyday, trivial things can generate good questions to research

e.g. watching, reading and randomly creating an idea

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3
Q

How can systematic observation help you develop research ideas?

A

by sitting and actually observing a situation, research ideas can formulate

e.g. watching, reading with the intent of developing ideas

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4
Q

In what two ways can a theory help you develop research ideas?

A

1) a theory allows you to predict the behavior expected under new combination of variables
2) when two or more alternative theories account for the same initial observations

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5
Q

How can applied issues suggest research ideas to you?

A

Applied research means being out in the environment. You are actively there, and from being there, you can see what the problems are and create research ideas from that.

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of an empirical question?

A

Must be able to make the observations under defined conditions

observations must be reproducible when those same conditions are present again

observations must bee confirmable by others

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7
Q

Why is it necessary to define your terms operationally?

A

it allows you to measure precisely the variables that you include in your study and to determine whether a relationship exists between them

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8
Q

What makes a research question important, and why should you ask important questions?

A

answering it will clarify relationships among variables known to affect the behavior under study

the answer can support only one of several competing models or theoretical views

its answer leads to obvious practical application

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9
Q

Why should you conduct a literature review before you begin to design your study?

A

to avoid needless duplication of effort

your specific research question may have been answered

provides you with a rich resource for addressing these important design questions

keeps you up to date

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10
Q

What are the differences between the different types of periodicals, and on which should you rely out heavily (and why)?

A

scholarly: sober, serious look with graphs and tables, always sourced

substantive news/general interest: photographs, sometimes sourced

popular: often have attractive look, not really sourced
sensational: newspaper format, obscure sources

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11
Q

What is the difference between a primary and a secondary source, and why should you not rely to heavily on secondary sources?

A

primary sources are more informational, secondary are more brief

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12
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages to using various types of books as sources?

A

anthology: assembled papers that an editor believes are important in a given area

original research: research done by the persona and written by the person

books don’t go under as vigorous of a review

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13
Q

Why are scholarly journals the preferred sources for research information?

A

because they are peer reviewed and more current

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14
Q

What is the difference between a non refereed and a refereed journal? Which is more trustworthy (and why)?

A

non refereed means not peer-reviewed. Refereed means peer-reviewed. Refereed is more trustworthy because it’s peer reviewed

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15
Q

how do you assess the quality of a scholarly journal?

A

1) consult Journals in Psychology
2) consul the Journal Citations Report
3) consult the Social Science Citations Index
4) ask professors

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16
Q

How can professional conferences provide you with information about research?

A

the information is from the very frontier of research

provides opportunity to meet other researchers in your field

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17
Q

How can Internet resources be used to track down research information?

A

using search engines

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18
Q

How do you assess the quality of information found on the internet?

A

refereed, non refereed, ISI ranking

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19
Q

What is the basic strategy you should follow when doing a literature search?

A

1) find relevant research article
2) use the reference section of the article to find more articles
3) repeat 1 and 2
4) use one of the indexes in your library to identify more recent articles
5) repeat the process

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20
Q

In what ways does PsycARTICLES differ from PsycINFO?

A

articles shows you the articles that you have full access to

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21
Q

How do you perform a basic and advanced PsycINFO search?

A

basic: enter one or more keywords
advanced: specify a precise rand of dates

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22
Q

How can you narrow or broaden a PsycINFO search?

A

narrow: use Advanced Search and a second term
broaden: select one or more alternative databases

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23
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of doing a PsychINFO search?

A

advantage: quick
dis: it’s only as good as the keywords

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24
Q

What is PsycARTICLES, and how can you use it to search the literature?

A

has downloadable articles

doesn’t have anything not published by AP

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25
Q

How can you use General Internet sources to find research information, and what cautions should you take before using information found on the Internet?

A

anyone can publish anything

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26
Q

How can you search for books using Internet resources?

A

search by author, title, subject, and keywords

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27
Q

Why is it important to read a research report critically?

A

to know if it’s garbage or not

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28
Q

What initial appraisals should you make of an article that you are going to read?

A

Author

date of publication

edition or revision

publisher

title of the journal

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29
Q

What should you evaluate when reading the introduction to an APA-style paper?

A

is it correctly representing the results from previous research?

Does the author clearly state the purposes of the study and the nature of the problem under study?

do the hypotheses logically follow from the discussion in the introduction?

are the hypotheses clearly stated and, more important, are they testable?

30
Q

What should you look for when evaluating the method section of an APA-style paper?

A

Who served as participants?

Does the design of the study allow an adequate test of the hypotheses stated in the introduction?

Are there any flaws in materials or procedures used that might affect the validity of the study?

31
Q

What information should you evaluate in the results sections of an APA-style paper?

A

Which effects are statistically significant?

Are the differences reported large or small?

Were the appropriate statistics used?

Do the test, figures, and tables match?

If data are presented numerically in tables or in the text of the article, graph those results.

32
Q

What information would you evaluate in the discussion section of an APA-style paper?

A

Do the author’s conclusions follow from the results reported?

Does the author offer speculations concerning the results?

How well do the finding of the study mesh with previous research and existing theory?

Does the author point the way to directions for future research in the area?

33
Q

What should you look for when evaluating the references in an APA-style paper?

A

Complete references are provided

34
Q

How do publication practices affect the articles that ultimately get published in journals?

A

by whether the results reported meet conventionally accepted levels of statistical significance, whether the findings are consistent with other findings in the area, and whether the contribution of the research to the area is significant

35
Q

What role does statistical significance play in determining what gets published in journals?

A

it determines how often effects that are just dance differences end up being declared statistically significant.

36
Q

What is the file drawer phenomenon and how does it relate to published research?

A

a problem associated with publication practices and meta-analysis that occurs because results that fail to achieve statistical significance often fail to be published

37
Q

How can consistency with previous knowledge affect whether a paper gets published in a journal?

A

most findings are expected to build on the existing findings. If they don’t, and they tell us something completely knew, people are more skeptical

38
Q

How does the significance of a contribution influence an editor’s decision to publish a paper in a journal?

A

the contribution should have several levels of two or more variables ad a series of experiments

39
Q

How can editorial policy affect whether a paper gets published in a journal?

A

editorial policy can be publishing what’s “hot” in the psychology world at the moment, leaving out other research areas

can also have bias

40
Q

What is a peer review, and what are the major problems associated with the practice?

A

materials to be published or presented are reviewed by experts in the area that the material covers

there can be biases in the peers, lack expertise, be over critical

41
Q

How can the peer-review process affect the likelihood that a paper will be published in a journal?

A

f

42
Q

What evidence is there that the peer-review process affects publication practices?

A

Sue and Martin did tests to see if the peer readers would have biases and other things and they do

43
Q

How do values affect the research process?

A

practices

questions

data

specific assumptions

global assumptions

44
Q

How do you develop hypotheses for research?

A

based on what you find from research, find you what you want to further research

find two variables and link them with a specific statement concerning the expected relationship between them

45
Q

reviewed, usually by two or more reviewers

A

refereed journal

46
Q

no review process

A

nonrefereed journal

47
Q

a question you can answer with objective observation

A

empirical question

48
Q

defining a variable in terms of the operations required to measure it

A

operational definition

49
Q

the process of locating, obtaining, reading, and evaluating the research literature in your area of interest

A

literature review

50
Q

one containing the full research report, including all details necessary to duplicate the study

A

primary source

51
Q

one that summarizes information from primary sources

A

secondary source

52
Q

simultaneously conducted presentations conducted in different rooms and follow one another throughout the day

A

paper session

53
Q

the presenter prepares a poster that is displayed on a bulletin board

A

poster session

54
Q

information obtained privately from another researcher

A

personal communications

55
Q

computer database that indexes journals and book chapters relevant to psychology and related fields

A

PsycINFO

56
Q

computer source of articles, downloadable in PDF format, published by APA

A

PsycARTICLES

57
Q

a problem associated with publication practices and meta-analysis that occurs because results that fail to achieve statistical significance often fail to be published

A

file drawer phenomenon

58
Q

materials to be published or presented are reviewed by experts in the area that the material covers

A

peer review

59
Q

empirical question

A

a question you can answer with objective observation

60
Q

operational definition

A

defining a variable in terms of the operations required to measure it

61
Q

literature review

A

the process of locating, obtaining, reading, and evaluating the research literature in your area of interest

62
Q

primary source

A

one containing the full research report, including all details necessary to duplicate the study

63
Q

secondary source

A

one that summarizes information from primary sources

64
Q

refereed journal

A

reviewed, usually by two or more reviewers

65
Q

nonrefereed journal

A

is not reviewed

66
Q

paper session

A

simultaneously conducted presentations conducted in different rooms and follow one another throughout the day

67
Q

poster session

A

the presenter prepares a poster that is displayed on a bulletin board

68
Q

personal communications

A

information obtained privately from another researcher

69
Q

PsychINFO

A

computer database that indexes journals and book chapters relevant to psychology and related fields

70
Q

PsycARTICLES

A

computer source of articles, downloadable in PDF format, published by APA

71
Q

file drawer phenomenon

A

a problem associated with publication practices and meta-analysis that occurs because results that fail to achieve statistical significance often fail to be published

72
Q

peer review

A

materials to be published or presented are reviewed by experts in the area that the material covers

PSY 3500 (15 decks)

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