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Human Anatomy > 2- Cells > Flashcards

2- Cells Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

How many cells does the human body have?

A

50 to 100 trillion cells

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2
Q

What two scientists said all living things are cells?

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann

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3
Q

What is the outer cell membrane called?

A

Plasma Membrane or Plasmalemma

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4
Q

What does lemma mean?

A

sheath, husk

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5
Q

What does the fluid mosaic model depict?

A

The plasma membrane as a lipid bilayer

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6
Q

Polar heads are attracted to…?

A

Water

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7
Q

Non polar lines up with?

A

Center of the membrane

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8
Q

What percentage of sugar groups are attached to the lipids in cell membranes?

A

10%

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9
Q

What are “sugar-fats” called?

A

glycolipids

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10
Q

Cholesterol does what to the membrane?

A

Makes it more rigid and increases impermeability to water and water-solubles molecules

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11
Q

What are the two plasma membrane proteins?

A

Integral proteins and peripheral proteins

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12
Q

Integral proteins

A

firmly integrated to the lipid bilayer

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13
Q

What is a transmembrane protein?

A

Its spans the whole width of the bilayer membrane (across)

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14
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Attach loosely to the membranes surfaces on cytoplasmic side and helps support membrane

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15
Q

What two things attach to form glycoproteins?

A

carbohydrate molecule chains and integral proteins

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16
Q

What coats the external part of the cell?

A

Glycocalyx “sugar covering”

This helps it be sticky and bind to other cells

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17
Q

What is a distinctive marker that cells recognize each other by?

A

Glycocalyx have different smells

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18
Q

Functions of the plasma membrane

A

1- protective barrier
2- molecules bond to receptor proteins molecule than can induce a change in cell activity
3- controls what enters and exits cell

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19
Q

simple diffusion

A

things that can travel freely across plasma membrane

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20
Q

What things use simple diffusion?

A
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
  • fat-soluble molecules
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21
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water molecules across membrane

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22
Q

What molecules use facilitated diffusion?

A
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • ions
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23
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

integral proteins are used to carry/pump molecules across the membrane down the concentration gradient

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24
Q

active transport

A

integral proteins are used to move molecules against concentration gradient

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25
How are macromolecules and large solid particles transported?
vesicular or bulk transport
26
What are the two types of bulk transport?
exocytosis | endocytosis
27
endocytosis
macromolecules enter the cell
28
Membrane wall sacs that transport
vesicle
29
3 Type of endocytosis
1- phagocytosis 2- pinocytosis 3- receptor-mediated endocytosis
30
Sac formed in phagocytosis
phagosome
31
lysosome
organelle containing digestive enzymes that break down the contents of the phagosome
32
What cells are the best at phagocytosis?
white blood cells
33
pinocytosis
engulfs drops of extracellular fluid, no receptors
34
What do phagosomes combine with to digest contents in phagocytosis?
lysosomes
35
ribosomes
``` S: made of RNA & Protein free or attached to rough ER F: protein synthesis occurs here ```
36
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
S: membrane enclosing cavity cisterna studded with ribosomes F: makes proteins secreted from cell makes the cells membranes
37
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
S: sacs and tubules free of ribosomes F: lipid & steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, drug detoxification
38
golgi apparatus
S: stack of smooth membrane sacs F: Packages/segregates proteins for exocytosis, inclusion in lysosomes, incorporation into plasma membrane
39
lysosomes
S: membranous sac containing acid hydrolases F: intracellular digestion
40
mitochondria
S: bean shaped double membrane, inner membrane folds called cristae F: ATP synthesis, powerhouse/energy of cell
41
peroxisomes
S: membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes F: enzymes detoxify substances catalase enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide, breaks down poisons that enter cell
42
microfilaments
S: filament of contractile protein actin F: muscle contraction, intracellular movement, forms cells cytoskeleton
43
intermediate filaments
S: protein fibers F: stabilizes cytoskeleton, resists tension forces acting on cell
44
microtubules
S: cylinder like made of tubulin proteins F: form centrioles, give cell shape, intracell/cell movement,
45
centrioles
S: paired cylinder like bodies, composed of 9 triplets of microtubules F: organize microtubule network in mitosis (form spindle and asters), form bases of cilia and flagella
46
plasma membrane
S: double layer of lipids (phosopholipids, cholesterol, etc), proteins embedded, some attached sugar groups F: cell barrier, transports substances in and out, proteins act as receptors
47
cytoplasm
has fluid cytosol with dissolved solutes, inclusion
48
nucleus
S: surrounded by nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromatin F: control center of the cell, gene info, instructions for protein synthesis
49
nuclear envelope
S: double membrane pierced by pores, continuous with cytoplasmic ER F: seperates nucleoplasm and cytoplasm, regulates passage of substances to/from nucleus
50
nucleoli
S: dense spherical bodies F: ribosome subunit manufacturer
51
chromatin
S: threadlike composed of DNA F: DNA constitutes genes
52
matrix
jelly-like substance in mitochondria
53
What transport uses energy?
active transport
54
What does the cytoskeleton do?
rods running through cytosol that act as the cells bones, muscles and ligaments and supports cell structure and generating cell movement
55
What are ribosomes made of?
Ribosomal RNA (ribonucleic acid)
56
What do ribosomes do?
produce proteins for cellular/extracellular function
57
What is linked together to form protein molecules in ribosomes?
amino acids this is called translation
58
What do ribosomes attach to rough er do?
Make proteins for the cell membrane or exocytosis
59
flagellum
long whiplike extension of plasma membrane of some bacteria and sperm cells propels the cell
60
cilia
motile, hairlike projection from apical surface of epithelial cels
61
microvilli
immotile cell projections on free surface of epithelia , anchor sheets of mucus or increase surface area for absorption
62
vesicle
small liquid filled sac
63
Difference between vesicle and vacuole?
Vacuoles are used as storage areas and vesicles are used for transport of storage
64
How large is the nucleus?
5 micrometers
65
What are the 4 parts of the nucleus?
1- nuclear envelope 2- nucleolus 3- chromatin 4- chromosomes
66
macrophage
cell that fights disease
67
What maintains the shape of the nucleus?
nuclear lamina
68
nuclear pores
- bracelet shaped complex of more than 22 proteins | - allows large molecules to pass in and out
69
What routinely travels through nuclear pores?
protein and RNA molecules
70
Jelly-like fluid in the nucleus?
nucleoplasm
71
Cell Cycle
``` 1: Interphase G1 S G2 2: Early Prophase - First phase 3: Late Prophase 4: Metaphase- Second phase 5: Anaphase- Third Phase 6: Telophase and Cytokinesis- Final phase ```
72
Interphase
chromatin extended/condensed G1- centrioles begin replication S- DNA replicated G2- centriole replication complete
73
Early Prophase
Chromatin > Chromosomes > Identical Chromatids (shaped like X) Held together at centromere Nucleoli and Cytoskeleton microtubules disassemble Asters extend microtubules
74
Late Prophase
Nuclear envelope disassembles | microtubules extend from centrosomes and attach to centromeres
75
Metaphase
Chromosomes align at the middle of the cell | Chromatids are separated form each other by enzymes
76
Anaphase
Centromeres split apart Spindle fibers pull chromosomes to opposite ends Cell elongates Chromosomes look v shaped and face each other
77
Telophase and cytokinesis
``` T: Identical sets of chromosomes nuclear envelopes reassembles nucleoli reappear mitotic spindle breaks down C: Contractile microfilaments squeeze cells apart ```

Human Anatomy (5 decks)

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