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GI module > 2011 final > Flashcards

2011 final Flashcards

1
Q

During the insertion of a nasogastric tube in the esophagus, what point would confer the highest resistance to the insertion?

A

The junction of the pharynx with the esophagus

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2
Q

A patient who has portal hypertension vomited fresh blood. Which vein has most likely ruptured?

A

Left gastric vein

Note: left gastric vein participates in one of the portal-caval anastomoses so in portal hypertension, branches of this vein are liable to dilation producing varices and can eventually rupture

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3
Q

Which of the following structures is located in the submucosal layer?

A

Meissners plexus

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4
Q

Which of the following structures receives fibers from the greater splanchnic nerves?

A

Celiac ganglion

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5
Q

Why is liver acinus considered the metabolic and pathological unit of the liver?

A

Because blood flows in a direction from the portal area to the central vein in the acinus

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6
Q

What is the main feature of enterocytes and is important for its function?

A

Microvilli

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7
Q

Which part of the gastrointestinal tract has numerous glandular invaginations but no villi?

A

Colon

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8
Q

Which part of the gastrointestinal tract has its outer layer of muscularis developed into longitudinal bands?

A

Colon

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9
Q

Which structure divides the greater sac into supra- and infracolic compartments?

A

Transverse mesocolon

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10
Q

In which structure is the inferior recess of the lesser sac located?

A

Greater omentum

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11
Q

Which muscles maintains fecal continence?

A

Puborectalis

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12
Q

Where does fluid drain into if a person is lying in a supine position?

A

Hepatorenal recess

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13
Q

Where does retropulsion take place?

A

Stomach

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14
Q

If primary peristalsis fails to clear the bolus, a wave of secondary peristalsis is initiated at the site of the bolus. Where does that take place?

A

Esophagus

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15
Q

Which of the following factor promote gastric emptying?

A

Gastric distension

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16
Q

What determines the rate of synthesis and excretion of bile salts into bile?

A

Concentration of bile salts in the portal vein blood

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17
Q

What happens to the motility of the gastrointestinal tract after being denervated from the autonomic nervous system?

A

The motility doesn’t change because of the presence of the enteric nervous system

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18
Q

Amylase is inactive at a very low pH; however, most of the starch digestion by amylase takes place in the stomach. What would provide a proper explanation for that?

A

The pH at the core of food is being lowered slowly

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19
Q

After glucose administration, the amount of hydrogen present in the patient’s breath is insignificant. However, after giving him lactose, the hydrogen level in his breath dramatically increased. Which abnormality would underlie this change?

A

Lactase enzyme deficiency in the intestinal mucosal lining

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20
Q

Which part of the gastrointestinal tract is characterized by the presence of a weak functional sphincter and sharp angulation?

A

Rectum

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21
Q

A 22 year old woman developed annular narrowing of her esophagus along with dysphagia and hypochromic microcytic anemia. What would her esophagus show?

A

Esophageal web

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22
Q

Which best describes the abnormality in the esophagus of an asthmatic child with dysphagia?

A

Trachea-like esophagus

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23
Q

A 59 year old heavy smoker obese male presented with dysphagia. An endoscope-guided biopsy of the esophagus was taken and showed malignant cells around irregular glands. What is the most important risk factor for developing this condition?

  • Barrett esophagus
  • smoking
A

• Barrett esophagus

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24
Q

A 52 year old woman with a history of rheumatoid arthritis took an aspirin pill. Right after, she developed epigastric pain and passed dark stools. What would the pathology in her stomach show?

  • Erosive gastritis
  • Chronic active gastritis
A

• Erosive gastritis

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25
Q

A doctor received the gastric biopsy results of his patient. The results confirmed the presence of a tumor in the stomach. However, instead of referring his patients to an oncologist, the doctor prescribed amoxicillin, metronidazole, and clarithromycin. What could the tumor be?

A

MALT lymphoma

Note: antibiotic therapy is the first line treatment for MALT lymphoma since it is associated with H. pylori infection

26
Q

A salivary gland tumor being malignant is inversely proportional to the size of the gland. Which of the following glands has most share of malignant tumors?

  • Sublingual gland
  • Minor salivary glands of the soft palate
  • Minor salivary gland of the hard palate
A

• Sublingual gland

27
Q

An 8 year old boy acquired an infection with a high fever that reached 40 degrees. After few days, he developed herpes labialis on his lower lip. What would the cells in the blisters show?

A

Intranuclear inclusions

28
Q

A 45 year male suffered a severe abdominal pain radiating to the back. When the doctors operated on him, the found extensive necrosis of the tissues in the abdomen along with the greater omentum. What is the most likely cause of his condition?

A

Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis

29
Q

Which analyte will be elevated in a patient who developed flapping tremors, fetor hepaticus, and went into a coma?

A

Ammonia

30
Q

Which analyte would be elevated in a 40 year old male with psychosis who was found to be a silent alcohol drinker?

A

gamma glutamyl transferase

31
Q

A 4 cm liver mass was found in a female patient. A partial lobectomy was performed. The mass was solid, uniform in color, had a well-defined border. The surgeon comforted the patient and told her that no further therapy is required. What could the mass be?

  • hepatic adenoma
  • bile duct hamartoma
A

• hepatic adenoma

32
Q

Which of the following pathological features is used to differentiate between chrons disease and ulcerative colitis?

A

Chrons disease has non-caseating granulomas, nut ulcerative colitis does not

33
Q

Which of the following is a severe complication of a long-standing ulcerative colitis?

A

Toxic megacolon

34
Q

What could be the cause in a young female patient that presents with chronic watery diarrhea and normal endoscopy?

A

Microscopic colitis

35
Q

What would the stomach show in the case of helicobacter pylori infection?

A

Lymphoid follicles and plasma cells in the lamina propria

36
Q

A 6 year old child presents with chronic fatty diarrhea and failure to thrive. The organism showed on duodenal biopsy; what could it be?

A

Giardia lamblia

37
Q

How does ranitidine reduces the efficacy of sucralfate?

A

It reduces the acidity of the stomach

38
Q

Which anti-emetic drug acts by blocking 5-HT3 receptors?

A

Ondansetron

39
Q

What is the mechanism of action of lactulose?

A

It traps fluid in the bowel lumen by osmosis

40
Q

Which drug can cause hepatotoxicity in children less than 3 years old?

A

Valproic acid

41
Q

Hepatoxicity to which drug can be treated with N-acetylcysteine?

A

Acetaminophen

42
Q

What is the risk factor for acquiring clostridium difficile infection?

  • Old age
  • Immune deficiency
A

• Old age

43
Q

A patient is undergoing chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. He developed severe diarrhea. Cysts were identified which were acid fast positive. What is the causative agent?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

44
Q

A pregnant woman had travelled to Bangladesh. When shecame back she developed fever, jaundice, and fulminant hepatic failure after which she died. What could be the causative agent?

A

Hepatitis E virus

45
Q

A patient developed a severe hepatitis B infection but later he was found to have a co-infection with another RNA virus. Which virus could that be?

A

Hepatitis D virus

46
Q

Which virus has caused large outbreaks in India, Mexico, and North Africa where the source of infection is fecal contamination of water supplies?

A

Hepatitis E virus

47
Q

What is the cause of vitamin B12 deficiency in pernicious anemia?

A

Antibodies against intrinsic factor

48
Q

Which of the following drug nutrient interactions occur in patients with inflammatory bowel disease?

  • Corticosteroids reduce absorption of calcium
  • Sulfasalazine reduces absorption of iron
A

• Corticosteroids reduce absorption of calcium

49
Q

What is true regarding hereditary non polyposis colon cancer?

A

There is a defect in the mismatch DNA repair mechanism

50
Q

A 56 year old female developed colon cancer. She has a history of endometrial cancer for which she had undergone a hysterectomy. Her aunt developed colon cancer as well. She has a 22 year old son. She came to you asking for the risk that her son might develop colon cancer. What should you tell her?

  • You have a defect in the genes coding for mismatch DNA repair proteins
  • Your son should be going for endoscopy at age of 40
  • You should do DNA sequencing for germline APC mutation
A

• You have a defect in the genes coding for mismatch DNA repair proteins

51
Q

A 60 year old diabetic obese man takes metformin and other drugs for his diabetes. His liver function tests revealed high ALT and AST. He is an alcohol drinker too. What could be the cause of elevated liver enzymes?

A

Toxic fatty acids

52
Q

A 55 year old male with a long history of excessive alcohol intake presents with a three month history of bloating and voluminous loose motion. He lost 15 kg in the past 6 months. Physical examination was normal. ALP was high, GGT was high, salivary amylase was normal. Ultrasound showed fatty liver and dilated common bile duct. What could be the cause of the dilated bile duct?

  • Chronic pancreatitis
  • Choledocolithiasis
A

• Chronic pancreatitis

Note: the common bile duct passes through the head of the pancreas to reach the ampulla of vater. In chronic pancreatitis, there is inflammation and fibrosis of the pancreas which in the head can cause narrowing of the distal portion of the CBD (the intrapancreatic segment)

53
Q

A 32 year old male present with a 5 month history of heartburn especially after eating fatty food and on lying down. There was no associated dysphagia or odynophagia. A barium swallow for his esophagus was done. What is the most appropriate step to take next?

A

Therapeutic trials of acid suppressive therapy

Note: if the patient is young as in this case with a history of heartburn less than 5 years, then you head to PPI trials; however, if he is older or with a long history of GERD, then you head to endoscopy to rule out Barrett esophagus and subsequent carcinoma

54
Q

A female patient presents with intermittent dysphagia for solids and liquids, food regurgitation. What would the esophageal manometry show?

A

Manometry consistent with achalasia

55
Q

What would the manometry show in a woman with tightening of the skin of her face, around her fingers and toes?

A

Manometry consistent with systemic sclerosis

56
Q

A 22 year old medical student with occasional heartburn. What would the manometry show?

A

Normal manometry

57
Q

EBM: In a randomized control trial, 200 patients were given a drug and another 200 were not. After completing the trial, the participants were asked if they improved or not. Which of the following would worry you the most about the results?

A

Measurements were not taken to make sure there is no unbiased outcome ascertainment

58
Q

EBM: What is the most important aspect for the validity of a randomized control trial?

A

Randomization

59
Q

EBM: Which of the following is most specific?

A

Metformin and insulin and diabetes

60
Q

EBM: A study was done and a hazard ratio of impaired physical activity was compared to unimpaired physical activity and was 0.55 [0.46-0.65]. What would be the best comment regarding effect size and sample size?

A

Effect size is large and sample size is sufficient

Note: effect size means magnitude of association and to assess it, you look at the hazard ratio value; for the sample size, you check the confidence interval which when wide, it implies a small sample size and when narrow, a large sample size

61
Q

EBM: Which of the following is important in order to have a high positive predictive value and rule in a disease?

A

High specificity and high pre-test probability

GI module (20 decks)

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