2020 JVIM ✔️ Flashcards

Question

Intracardiac heartworms in dogs: Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics in 72 cases (2010-2019)

Answer 1

Although the majority of dogs with intracardiac heartworms had a high worm burden and high likelihood of PH, only 25% had clinical evidence of CS. Lethargy #1 CS @ 44% Pigmenturia #2 @ 43% High worm burden - more common pigmenturia, anemia, bilirubinuria Most small breed - chichi

Answer 2

Orally administered amoxicillin-clavulanate resulted in urine amoxicillin concentrations above the cutoff (8 μg/mL) for wild-type Escherichia coli in all cats. Because urine-specific susceptibility testing breakpoints can be determined using urine concentrations, this information should allow new CLSI uropathogen susceptibility breakpoints for amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate in healthy cats, increasing the urine breakpoint from ≤0.25 to ≤8 μg/mL.

Answer 3

Peak flow velocities were measured with 2D PC-MRI at all 3 locations and slower velocities were recorded in healthy Beagle dogs compared to humans. These values serve as baseline for future applications. The current technical settings did not allow measurement of CSF flow in Beagle dogs by 4D PC-MRI.

Answer 4

Serum MMP-7 and BALF MMP-2 and -9 potentially may be useful diagnostic markers but not prognostic markers for CIPF. Higher MMP-7 in CIPF WHWT compared to healthy dogs of other breeds, dogs with bronchitis, and dogs with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy . BALF of CIPF WHWT - higher MMP-2 and 9 NOT in plasma CIPF WHWT higher pro-MMP-9 compared to CB Higher pro-MMP-2 than EBP No statistically significant prognostic factors.

Answer 5

In this study of azotemic and nonazotemic cats, SDMA was a reliable marker to identify decreased GFR. However, superiority of SDMA over sCr could not be confirmed. CKD cats have higher SDMA and Cr - which correlate with GFR. SDMA and Cr relationship in detecting decreased renal function. Similar sensitivity, Cr higher specificity.

Answer 6

Prevalence of hypertension decreased. Higher change in BP in dogs that were more hypertensive originally. Normotensive dogs had a slight increase in BP. BP not associated with disease control. BP meds needed in 60% (benaz) Second agent needed in 42% (amlodipine) 33% normotensive dogs required treatment BP measured at every visit regardless May need multi-drug

Answer 7

Fecal cultures failed to distinguish between diseased and healthy dogs, and a high level of interlaboratory variation for culture was found. Dysbiosis index increased in chronic diarrhea dogs although cultures failed to detect significant differences.

Answer 8

Normalized TAPSE could reflect RV systolic dysfunction in dogs with severe PH, which could not be detected by nonnormalized TAPSE. The TAPSEB-mode/RVIDd ratio might predict R-CHF with high sensitivity and reproducibility.

Answer 9

Presented for tachypnea, increased RE, weight loss. Did not improve with abx. Diagnosed with pneumocystis pneumonia and PH. Treated for 8wk TMS, 4wk tapering pred, 2wk clopidogrel, 2 wk sildenafil. Immunodiagnostic testing and genetic sequencing to look for immunodeficiency

Answer 10

Lung ultrasound could be a useful tool for monitoring resolution of pulmonary edema in dogs with L-CHF. Decrease in sites positive for B lines, median total B-line scores. Indicies improved at first re-check. of positive sites correlated positively with RR and TXR edema score. Patterns of edema resolution differed between US and TXR. Cranial quadrants more reduction in B-lines compared to TXR edema score.

Answer 11

Muscle cramps can manifest in 1 of 3 clinical patterns. Muscle cramps are elicited when dogs are encouraged to move (64%) and do not always appear as painful events, showing in some cases only discomfort. The main cause of MCs in this study was hypocalcemia consequent to primary hypoparathyroidism. In dogs having MCs of unknown etiology, idiopathic disease or paroxysmal dyskinesia could not be ruled out. 58% overtly painful 42% mild discomfort 3 undetermined cases GSD.

Answer 12

Transarterial implantation of AVP-4 is a safe, effective and technically easy procedure for PDA occlusion in small dogs and offers a valuable alternative to coil implantation. Accurate PDA measurement and device sizing is essential to prevent residual shunting, inadvertent device embolization, and protrusion of the device into the aorta. - 5 immediate complete closure - Trivial residual in 1 dogs, resolved within 2h - marked device undersizing, embolization, additional coil 1 dog

Answer 13

We identified positive, albeit minor, effects of pimobendan on LA function in cats with HCM. Whether or not treatment with pimobendan decreases the risk of cardiogenic embolism deserves further study.

Answer 14

Dogs receiving HTS showed sustained increases in plasma sodium and chloride concentrations, whereas dogs receiving MAN showed transient decreases. Future studies should assess the effects of multiple doses of hyperosmolar agents on electrolyte and acid-base variables. Significant differences at all time points. K decreased at T5 after HTS. iCa lower at T60 and 120 than MAN. No changes in acid base.

Answer 15

Functional iron deficiency was common in cats with chronic GI disease. anemia, iron deficiency, hypocobalaminemia noted HCT, BCS negatively correlated with MMA (methylmalonic acid) median TIBC lower in cats with increased MMA HCT, retic MCV, retic HGB, % transferrin saturation positively correlated with serum iron concentration

Answer 16

Serum IL-17 concentration significantly higher in non-surviving IMHA dogs whereas it significantly decreased during hospitalization in survivors, making serum IL-17 concentration a potential biomarker for severity and response to treatment in IMHA. IL17 higher in IMHA on admission than healthy - not significant. No correlation between IL17 and tbili, lactate, CBC

Answer 17

Densitometric M-protein characterized using IMWG response criteria correlated with OST and clinical findings. Densitometric M-protein detection should be used to monitor dogs with multiple myeloma. Humans - monitoring progression and response via serum paraprotein (m-protein) concentration. Various methods can be used to quantify, All cases recieved some form of chemo. CR - lack of detectible M-protein in 1 case. MST 630d longer for dogs with >90% reduction Did not reduce by 50% - MST 284d 5 dogs progressive - m-protein increase by 25% or more - correlated with clinical deterioration globs or RID did not correlate with overall survival time or CS

Answer 18

Survey questions about a dog's sleeping location at night and vaccination status are important indicators of an owner's odds of compliance in a prospective study. Use of similar questions during enrollment in cohort studies might help to predict owner compliance that can aid in subject selection. No vax - 4x higher non-compliance Dogs sleep in garage 6x higher odds of non-compliance than dogs that slept in bedroom.

Answer 19

Self-limiting weakness with potential relapse. Onset of signs 4-10mos - Progressive or waxing/waning neuromuscular weakness - Normal sensory function - Variably decreased withdrawal reflexes Return to normal in 1-4 weeks. All had recurrence but fully recovered. electromyography and motor nerve conduction studies showed multicentric spontaneous activity, normal motor nerve conduction velocity, reduced compound muscle action potential amplitude, and polyphasia histology mm/nerve - mild muscle atrophy consistent with recent denervation, endoneurial and perineurial edema, and mild mononuclear cell infiltration within intramuscular nerve branches and a peripheral nerve. Autosomal recessive Can't rule out poylgenic or acquired inflammatory

Answer 20

SAT - false positives If performed using a 49 : 1 saline-to-blood ratio, SATs achieve high specificity for IMH. Based on a gold standard of positive DAT and evidence of hemolysis, lower saline-to-blood ratio results should not be used because false-positive results are common. 1:1 specificity 29% 49:1 specificity 97% accuracy increases from 33% to 95%

Answer 21

Telmisartan might be a suitable first-line therapy for dogs with renal proteinuria. Day 30 - percentage change in UPC greater for telmisartant (~65%) vs. enalapril (35%) Superior at 60d Combo therapy azotemia in 31%

Answer 22

Imepitoin did not result in a significant overall benefit. Future studies should focus on treatment of subgroups with a common pathophysiology and similar comorbidities. No responders in placebo 17% response (2) Imepitoin - drug with gamma amino butyric acid-ergic and anxiolytic effects

Answer 23

The tested 3D ultrasound device was found to be an accurate and rapid point-of-care tool for measuring UBV in dogs, providing a noninvasive method to estimate bladder volume in real time.

Answer 24

Elevated phos linked with progression and case fatality in animals. Risk of renal and CV disease. No data currently shows that commercial cat foods induce renal injury. Some diets contain high amounts of phosphorus relative to recommendations and some have inverse Ca : P ratios and so could increase the risk for development of kidney disease. Highly soluble phosphates appears to be important, there are insufficient data to support a specific upper limit for phosphate intake.

Answer 25

Serum HMGB1 could be a biomarker of epilepsy. Significantly higher in epileptic dogs than healthy dogs. Non epileptic dogs not significantly increased from healthy. Epilepsy >3mos showed higher concentrations.

Answer 26

This report documents C. felis atovaquone resistance associated with M128 cytb mutations. This study suggests parasites with mutations of cytb M128 can be selected and impart resistance to A&A treatment even with higher atovaquone dosing. Tx: atovaquone and azithromycin Resistance to atovaquone via parasite cytochrome B mutations

Answer 27

DGGR lipase activity was affected by prednisolone administered orally in dogs. However, this variation was not clinically important as values remained below the relevant upper limit. DGGR increased t0-t1 DGGR decreased t1-t2 No significant changes in control DGGR and prednisolone doses were not correlated

Answer 28

Exposure to household radon might play a role in development of PPN in dogs and cats. PPN rate ratio 2fold higher in high radon zone than low radon zone.

Answer 29

DEA 1 present in non-domesticated canids with variable prevalence pending species. The majority of tested non-domesticated canids appear to have no naturally occurring alloantibodies against domestic dogs' RBCs. Therefore xenotransfusion of blood from domestic dogs can be considered when species specific blood is not available. Cross matching is essential before xenotransfusion.

Answer 30

Serum IgE production against aeroallergens was found in some cats with eosinophilic airway inflammation, but the number of affected cats with positive results did not differ from controls. Further investigation in cats with eosinophilic, mixed, and neutrophilic airway disease in comparison to control cats is warranted. Allergen most commonly causing positive response dust mites, then storage mites

Answer 31

Little known about the effect of renin angiotensin aldosterone system-inhibiting (RAASi) drugs on alternative angiotensin peptides (APs) such as angiotensin 1-7, which are mediated by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). No signif differences between healthy and CM cats with no RAASi. Concentrations of AP different between CM cats with no RAASi and CMarb group. Incubation with rhACE2 decreased AT1 and AT2 in both groups. Incubation with rhACE2 decreased AT1 and AT2 in both groups. Ang1-7 was significantly higher in CMARB **Balance between traditional and alternative APs can be favorably shifted using ARBs and in vitro incubation with recomb human ACE2. These data shed light on new AP-targeting strategies in cats with CM.

Answer 32

Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration is minimally affected by seizure activity in dogs and increased concentrations are more likely associated with the underlying disease process. Focal seizures had higher CSF lactate than generalized seizures. No differences between single, clusters, or SE OR among dogs having different number of seizures within last 72h. Significant difference between dogs with different disease process. Inflam / neoplastic > idiopathic / unknown

Answer 33

450k dogs in study Epilepsy 20.5% - idiopathic 17% - structural 3.4% - reactive 6.3% 50% cases received equal or higher to IVETF Tier 1 diagnostic testing. <12y and insured = more likely to receive advanced diagnostic evaluation No tx prescribed for 62.9% 25.3% single drug 5.5% multi drug

Answer 34

Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) in dogs is associated with hypovitaminosis D, increased parathyroid hormone (PTH), and increased fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) concentrations. Best practice for vitamin D metabolite supplementation in CKD-MBD remains unknown. Calcifediol supplementation for 84 days was well-tolerated in dogs with IRIS stages 2 and 3 CKD. All serum vitamin D metabolite concentration increased by d84 compared to baseline. No significant differences in Ca, P, PTH, UCa/Cr or excretion of Ca. No hypercalcemia. FGF-23 increased by d84.

Answer 35

Compare FSL vs BG curve with portable meter. Good concordance between insulin dose recommendation for portable and FSL. Absent concordance between FSL at home on 2 days in a row. NADIR detected with the glucose profile from FSL (79%). NADIR detected on 41% of curves. FSL better at detecting low events. (60 vs 9%) Insulin dose adjustments based on BGCs can be suboptimal. The FGMS allows a more accurate identification of the glucose nadirs and hypoglycemic episodes compared to the use of a PBGM and assessment of day-to-day variations in glycemic control.

Answer 36

Percutaneous ultrasound guided liver biopsy in the population of dogs in the current study, with normal or mild abnormalities in coagulation, results in a high incidence of clinically silent, major hemorrhage (42.5%), but few complications (1.9%). Major hemorrhage >6% PCV change Complications - physiologic compromise that necessitated intervention or death Decrease in PCV occurred in 85% Mean change -7% PCV change was significantly correlated with PCV pre biopsy. No correlation between PCV change and complications.

Answer 37

Spot urine samples at 180 and 270 mins after 3mg/kg furosemide used to predict cumulative urine volume and urine sodium output over 7h. Na at times highly correlated to 7h uNa output. Volume at times moderately correlated to 7h vol output. Predicted Na at time points identified dogs with low diuretic responsiveness with high accuracy. Urinary Na excretion and uVol are complementary but distinct aspects of diuretic responsiveness in dogs. Quantification of diuretic responsiveness in the clinical setting opens new diagnostic, treatment, and monitoring strategies.

Answer 38

Cats with sHCM fed Test diet had significant decreases in echocardiographic variables of sHCM and in cTnI and IGF-1. 6mos for cTn1 12mos for IGF and max LVWD

Answer 39

Antimicrobials were used more prudently for the examined indications in 2018 compared to 2016. The study highlights the continued need for antimicrobial stewardship programs in veterinary medicine. Proportion of prescribed antimicrobials decreased significantly (74 --> 59%). Proportion of prescriptions in complete agreement with guidelines increased (48-->60%) and in disagreement decreased (38 -->24%. Often prescribed for acute diarrhea most common if hemorrhagic. Lower proportion of inappropriate abx for HD (65% --> 36%). Prescription of fluoroquinolones decreased for UTI (29 -->14%). Prescription of abx for resp infection decreased significantly (54 --> 31%).

Answer 40

The introduction of L4 was associated with a marked decrease in dogs with leptospirosis and AKI in Switzerland. Use of the L4 vaccine was associated with significantly decreased odds of disease. Decrease in cases per year Increase in control cases Decrease L2 and increase in L4 vax. Odds ratio for vax dogs to be diagnosed with lepto 0.11 for L4 and 2.08 for L2

Answer 41

1.5y FS cat presented with acute signs of respiratory distress 5 weeks after undergoing tracheal intubation. Rads revealed a marked, segmental, tracheal narrowing. A hard, 5-cm-long, white-yellowish tissue was identified and removed from the trachea, with subsequent resolution of CS and rad changes. Microscopically consisted of fibrin and lytic neutrophils, interspaced with optically empty cavities and a few remains of talcum powder and hair shafts. Consequently, a diagnosis of obstructive fibrinous tracheal pseudomembrane (OFTP) was made.

Answer 42

Biological variation refers to variability in measurand concentration or activity around a homeostatic set point. Knowledge of biological and analytical variation can be used to facilitate interpretation of patient clinicopathologic data and is particularly useful for interpreting serial patient data and data at or near reference limits or clinical decision thresholds.

Answer 43

3mo FI DSH presented with syncope and tachypnea. Cardiac auscultation normal. TXR - mild generalized heart enlargement with bronchointerstitial pattern. Echo - tubular structures near left atrium. Identified persistent left cranial vena cava with unroofed coronary sinus was suspected. CT showed the right cranial, right caudal and left caudal pulmonary veins draining into the coronary sinus and flowing into the right atrium. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) was diagnosed. Treated with diuretics, died 2mos later.

Answer 44

English bulldogs disproportionally develop an expansion of small B-cells, which has been interpreted as B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL). However, clonality testing in these cases has often not been supportive of neoplasia. 58/83 had polyclonal expansion median age 6.8 74% male median lymphocyte count 22,400 low expression of class 2 MHC and CD25 splenomegaly / masses in 57% lymphadenopathy 11% hyperglobulinemia 71% - IgA +- IgM Polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in English bulldogs is characterized by low B-cell class II MHC and CD25 expression, splenomegaly and hyperglobulinemia consisting of increased IgA ± IgM. We hypothesize that this syndrome has a genetic basis.

Answer 45

This study reveals the difficulties of assessing vitamin D status in dogs following elective surgery. median 25(OH)D significantly declined immediately after surgery before increasing to become nonsignificantly different from concentrations before surgery @ d60 median free 25(OH)D significantly increased immediately after before declining to become nonsignificantly different from concentrations before surgery at d60

Answer 46

Oxidative stress is present in anemic dogs. Derangements in biomarkers of oxidative stress are different in dogs with hemolytic anemia and nonhemolytic anemia. all anemic dogs - significantly lower median RBC hemolysate GSH **hemolytic dogs- significantly higher median plasma GSH than non hemolytic** ROS detectable in all samples but no difference in ROS or vit E between groups.

Answer 47

Fecal microbiota, fecal bile acids, and clostridium altered in GI disease in adults. Puppies up to 5-6wk had - increased dysbiosis - increased C. diff - decreased C. hiranonis - decreased secondary bile acid concentrations Secondary bile acids and C. hiranonis correlated positively. The increase in secondary bile acids and simultaneous decrease of C. difficile and C. perfringens after 5 to 6 weeks of age warrants further investigation into regulatory impacts that secondary bile acids could have on clostridial species in dogs.

Answer 48

Assessed the effects of non-critical illness on TSH stimulation test in euthyroid and hypothyroid cats. Non-critical illness did not affect the tT4 following TSH stimulation in euthyroid or RAI hypothyroid cats. 85% RAI hypothyroid cats - high TSH 14% RAI euthyroid cats - high TSH 88% RAI hypothyroid cats low fT4 The veterinary-specific chemiluminescent fT4 immunoassay and canine-specific TSH immunoassay can be used to aid in the diagnosis of iatrogenic hypothyroidism in cats.

Answer 49

Short-term outcome of dogs with ACKD is comparable to those with AKI but long-term prognosis is guarded. The IRIS AKI grade at presentation is a prognostic indicator of short-term outcome. Clinical Signs - anorexia 84% - lethargy 77% - vomiting 55% - diarrhea 37% Etiology - inflammatory 30% - pyelo 15% - ischemic 7% - other 3% - unknown 45% Median hosp = 5d Longer in survivors Mortality rate 35% IRIS AKI grade associated with short term survival, etiology was not RR, CK, Creat associated with short term outcome MST 105d Etiology and creat at discharge not predictors of long term survival

Answer 50

Atrial fibrillation is an uncommon complication of MMVD and is significantly associated with the more advanced stage of the disease, increased LA dimension and body weight, and decreased FS. Prevalence 2.7% MBD, male, advanced stage, left sided enlargement, FS, PH = significantly associated with development of Afib

Answer 51

Dogs with PLN have decreased serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites. Urine 25(OH)D-to-creatinine ratio and UPC are correlated in PLN dogs. Lower concentration of all vitamin D metabolites. Metabolites positively correlated with albumin and negatively with UPC Urine vit D to creat ratio was negatively correlated with albumin and positively with UPC = High vitD:Cr = low albumin and higher UPC. In people, proteinuria associated with hypovitaminosis D Serum vitamin D binding protein concentration positively correlated with albumin

Answer 52

Pimobendan is well tolerated in cats with cardiomyopathy and CHF, regardless of the presence of OTO. OTO - younger, more likely to have a heart murmur, more likely to have pulmonary edema, less likely to have pleural effusion Adverse effects 4.6% = 12 cats - 11 cats with non-obstructive - 1 cat OTO - discontinued due to adverse effects in 4 (3 vs. 1) Most commonly anorexia, vomiting Acute adverse hemodynamic effects not detected.

Answer 53

The study diet was effective in reducing serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and correcting lipoprotein profiles in MS with hypertriglyceridemia. samples collected 2 and 3 months after diet change

Answer 54

When treated with antibiotics, positive urine cultures in cats with CKD do not affect disease progression or survival time. No difference between negative, single, or multiple positive cultures. No difference in the frequency of CKD progression between true UTI, subclinical bacteriuria, or negative culture .

Answer 55

A novel trehalose-stabilized canine lyophilized platelet product appears to be logistically superior and is clinically non-inferior to DMSO-stabilized canine cryopreserved platelets for management of bleeding in thrombocytopenic dogs. LP - superior for change in DOGiBAT score at 1h post transfusion - non-inferior for change in DOGiBAT at 24h post transfusion - non-inferior for change in platelet count / need for more blood / survival to discharge - superior for change in HCT 1h post transfusion - non-inferior for change in HCT 24h post transfusion - superior in few 1h post parameters, not worse in all the rest

Answer 56

10mo MN MBD - poorly controlled seizures MRI - complete absence of the lateral and third ventricles, mesencephalic aqueduct Lack of contiguous ventricular system Histopath showed vestigial ventricles with hypoplastic choroid plexus, atresia of the third ventricle, fused thalami = lobar holoprosencephaly Congenital malformation Aventriculi = ventricles didn't form Holoprosencephaly forebrain does not divide into two hemispheres

Answer 57

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation may be a safe adjunctive treatment option for dogs with drug-resistant IE, but large-scale studies are needed to establish firm conclusions No adverse effects Monthly seizure frequency and monthly seizure day frequency decreased in the active groups. cluster seizures did not change significantly effects lasted for 4months

Answer 58

Mean diffusivity and axial diffusivity could serve as surrogates of severity of spinal cord injury and are complementary to the clinical exam in dogs with thoracolumbar IVDH. quantitative MRI of the spinal cord obtained at area of compression - compared measurements between different neurologic grades chronic myelopathy - higher mean + radial diffusivity and lower MTR and fractional anisotropy

Answer 59

heart dimensions influences by body weight and breed study reinforces the value of BW-dependent prediction intervals for cardiac dimensions in dogs. PIs are valid for most non-sighthound breeds, but not the sighthound breeds = Sighthounds deviate from intervals - Newfoundland deviated most - Most sighthounds had greater cardiac dimensions except Irish Wolfhound

Answer 60

Humans - enterococcus UTI associated with u-cath induced inflammation history of recurrent bacteriuria significantly more common in Enterococcus cases than e. coli controls Co-morbidities associated with enterococcus UTI - lower urinary tract anatomic abnormalities = odds ratio 2.94 - urolithiasis - LUT neoplasia If the identified risk factors promote Enterococcus spp. colonization in dogs via induced LUT inflammation similar to people then bacteriuria could be a sentinel for LUT inflammation.

Answer 61

The combination of EER, insulin, and a low-carbohydrate diet might be advantageous in the treatment of newly diagnosed diabetic cats. In humans, adding GLP-1 analogue reduces glycemic variability With EER - GV lower at 6,10,16 weeks compared to week 1 and placebo week 6 and 10. Remission had a lower GV than those without remission at week 6.

Answer 62

Cats with non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) commonly develop low serum T4, T3, and TSH concentrations, the prevalence and extent of which increases with disease severity. Lower t3, t4, and tsh concentrations in the cats that died. No difference in free t4. Serum T4 and TSH predicted survival. Consider evaluating thyroid function in cats with severe NTIS, because doing so could help determine probability of successful treatment responses before investing considerable time, effort, and finances in addressing the underlying disease.

Answer 63

Histiocytic sarcoma in dogs can manifest as a localized form in the spleen. Dogs with localized splenic HS treated with surgery ± chemotherapy can experience survival times over a year. MST 427d 12 dogs adjuvant chemo / 2 did not 36% developed metastatic disease 11 dogs died of disease, 1 unrelated, 2 alive at final follow up. Localized splenic disease has longer survival times. Hemophagocytic - worst survival time - 4weeks Disseminated - 11wks / 78d Localized - 1y / 398d With disseminated - spleen commonly involved Localized - most commonly pulmonary and periarticular Chemo - lomustine / doxo

Answer 64

SPECT imaging is a viable imaging technique to screen for thoracic metastasis and wider use of SPECT imaging is recommended in dogs with thyroid neoplasia. SPECT could improve detection of metastatic disease vs. TXR Heterogenous uptake 73% Uptake increased in 56% Well delineated 55% Association between -hormone status and uptake pattern --> heterogenous in euthyroid - hormone status and tumor circumscription --> well circumscribed in hypo and hyperthyroid

Answer 65

Less common than in dogs, RSD and epilepsy still comprise an important disorder group in the UK cat population. Aging is a significant risk factor for these disorders in cats. 1y prevalence 0.16% 25% epilepsy - 0.04 prevalence Age increased odds of recurrent seizure disorder Breed, sex, neuter, BW not associated with RSD 3-6y = 3.32x higher odds of epilepsy than <3 Insured more likely to be diagnosed with epilepsy than noninsured.

Answer 66

Caregiver burden is similar in owners of pets with cancer and owners of pets with other diseases. Burden is present in the earliest stages of disease. Major correlates of burden = life-disruptive treatments and schedules Caregive burden = higher stress, symptoms of depression, lower quality of life

Answer 67

Systemic hypertension - increase in arterial blood pressure Chronic leads to increase in aortic stiffness. Measuring elasticity useful for estimating stiffness in humans. Ultrasonographic Ao elasticity assessment was feasible to compare HT and NT dogs. Results indicated that K (caudal to left renal artery) _AoSt and I (cranial to external iliac) _AoSt indices can be used to assess SH-related Ao stiffness, especially when indirect BP measurements are inconsistent or inaccurate. Both measurements in hypertensive dogs were lower than normotensive dogs. Only K_AoST influenced by age.

Answer 68

Study effects of adding ACEi to combo of pimo/furosemide Addition of the ACEI ramipril to pimobendan and furosemide did not have any beneficial effect on survival time in dogs with CHF secondary to MMVD. Triple therapy did not extend survival time. 87% reached endpoint median to endpoint 214d

Answer 69

Seen in humans without evidence of AP and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. DGGR increased >3x URI at admission in 16% of dogs. 32% had AP. Other conditions - renal, endocrine, immune mediated, upper airway. Predictors of hyperlipasemia - glucocorticoid admin - vomiting / abdominal pain - age - bilirubin - creat - decreased HCT 23% hyperlipasemia in dogs with repeat measurements 17% AP - development in hospital diseases: renal, immune mediated Predictors of developing - hemodialysis - increased bilirubin and creat - decreased hct Associated with longer hospitalizations and mortality Significant DGGR-hyperlipasemia is frequent in critically ill dogs and associated with a variety of nonpancreatic conditions and negative outcome.

Answer 70

Tool developed with good predictive performance. Predictor variables - sex, breed, age, PD, vomiting, potbelly/hepatomegaly, alopecia, pruritus, ALKP, USG.

Answer 71

Urinary F2-isoprostanes are not useful for the detection of UC in dogs. Urinary diseases higher isoprostanes compared to controls although similar in dogs with cancer vs other. Cancer - higher measures of proteinuria, hematuria, and epithelial cells on UA.

Answer 72

Male cat presenting with epistaxis, bladder hemorrhage, and secondary UO after cysto = bleeding disorder Impairment in platelet aggregation in response to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and AA (arachidonic acid) compared to control. Expression of integrin allbB3 absent. homozygous frameshift variant in the integrin subunit allb gene not detected in control. ITGA2B varriant

Answer 73

Stereotactic brain biopsy (SBB) allows for histopathologic diagnosis of brain tumors. Adverse events (AE) occur in 5 to 29% of dogs after SBB, but risk factors associated with developing AE are poorly described. AE - 27% Transient in 88% Most resolve within 1 week. Cases more likely to have T2 weighted heterogneous tumors and lower platelet counts. Dogs with gradient echo signal voids on baseline imaging more likely to have hemorrhage after biopsy (88%). PLT count ideally > 185,000 minimize risk. Intracranial hemorrhage after biopsy can have important clinical implications, as this was observed in 88% of dogs with AE.

Answer 74

Epigenetic changes linked to pathogenesis in humans and dogs and poor prognosis in humans. Sulforaphane (SFN) - epigenetic targeting compound Goal to examine supplementation of SFN on lymph node proteome of dogs. No clinical response and no adverse events attributed to SFN. For individual dogs, the expression of up to 650 proteins changed by at least 2-fold (range, 2-100) after supplementation with SFN. 14 proteins downregulated 10 upregulated Proteins and gene sets impacted by SFN were commonly involved in immunity, response to oxidative stress, gene transcription, apoptosis, protein transport, maturation and ubiquitination. SFN associated with major changes in the proteome of neoplastic lymphocytes in dogs.

Answer 75

Seizure prevalence in pets with internal hydrocephalus = 1.7% Seizures were not observed in the 2y period after surgery to implant ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Seizure prevalence in dogs and cats diagnosed with hydrocephalus internus is low. Seizures in association with VPS do not seem to be a complication of the procedure.

Answer 76

Toxicosis --> severe AKI (grade 4 or 5) 73% had neurologic signs = forebrain, cerebellar, or vestibular Neuro signs not associated with severity of azotemia or presence of hypertension. 53% survived (8 dogs) 5 experienced neurologic recovery Cause of death unrelated to neuro signs. - Severe forebrain, cerebellar, or vestibular signs may occur - early clinical picture. - reversible functional brain injury specific to GRT - unrelated to uremia.

Answer 77

model generated that identified cats in the general population ≥7 years of age that are at risk of developing CKD within 12 months. - recommend further testing and frequent monitoring in these pets - predictions were based on single visits using common clinical variables. Accuracy 88% Sensitivity 87% Specificity 70% PPV 53% NPV 92% Alternate decision threshold increased specificity and PPV but decreased sensitivity and NPV.

Answer 78

Acute panc = protease activation, inhibitor depletion, and inflammatory mediator secretion Systemic inflammation with AP = increased inflammatory mediator concentrations, correlating with cPLI and CRP concentrations. Hypoantithrombinemia is associated with death. Serum concentrations of α2AP (a2 antiplasmin activity) and α1PI (a1 proteinase inhibitor) are less useful prognostic markers. The CAPS (canine acute pancreatitis severity score) is a useful prognostic marker in dogs with AP. Mortality rate 19% Antithrombin activity lower CRP, IL6, TNFa higher a2-macroglobulin not reliably detected IL2, IL8, a1PI, a2AP did not differ between groups cPLI, CRP, IL6 = POSITIVELY correlated higher CAPS scores = decreased ATA, increased CPLI, CRP, IL6

Answer 79

Omeprazole prophylaxis induces fecal dysbiosis and increases intestinal inflammatory markers when coadministered with carprofen to otherwise healthy dogs with no other risk factors for GI bleeding. Co-admin significantly increased fecal calprotectin and DI compared to baseline or carprofen alone!!!! Fecal calprotectin concentrations differed between treatments. Dysbiosis index differed. Serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and plasma iohexol did not differ.

Answer 80

MRS = hyperechoic line in renal medulla MRS had 2 distinct aspects - thin hyperechoic band with well defined margins (MRS LINE) = 59% - thick hyperechoic band with ill defined margins (MRS BAND) = 74% MRS line more frequent in cats WITHOUT kidney disease MRS band more frequent in cats WITH kidney disease A thick hyperechoic ill-defined band (for which the term medullary band sign is proposed) was more frequently associated with KD, whereas a thin hyperechoic well-defined line (true MRS) may be seen in cats with or without KD.

Answer 81

Orally administered esomeprazole might be a superior acid suppressant in cats compared to PO lansoprazole or dexlansoprazole. Esomeprazole only drug that achieved goals defined for people for the treatment of duodenal ulceration by day 4. lansoprazole lower mean percentage time of intragastric pH greater than 3 and mean pH than did dexlansoprazole or esomeprazole. Lansoprazole worse than other two. No significant differences between dexlansoprazole or esomeprazole.

Answer 82

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) = webs of DNA and citrullinated histones extruded from activated neutrophils NETs can cause TRALI NETosis occurs in stored canine non-leukoreduced RBC units, and is attenuated by leukoreduction before storage. NETs might be mediators of transfusion reactions. Markers of NETs increased during RBC storage and were higher in NLR vs. LR units.

Answer 83

minimum 4-week effect of metronidazole on fecal microbiome and metabolome USE WITH CAUTION Metro changes microbiome composition - decreased richness - decrease fusobacteria - did NOT fully resolve after 4 weeks - DI increased - increased fecal total lactate - decreased fecal bile acids

Answer 84

Results in prolonged illness May improve clinically despite biochemical evidence of progression of EHBDO 79% survived 94% of survivors - medical management alone time from onset CS to increase in bilirubin = 7d to peak bilirubin = 8d to initial decline = 15d onset CS to outcome = 13 median bile duct dilation at time of diagnosis and peak bilirubin were not different between survivors and non-survivors

Answer 85

For cats with HCM and equivalent LA size and LV systolic function, those with SAM had higher NT-proBNP and cTnI concentrations than did those without SAM. Presence of SAM considered when interpreting biomarker concentrations in cats with HCM. In general linear models for both NT-proBNP and cTnI, the independent explanatory variables were SAM, congestive heart failure, maximal LV wall thickness, and LA size.

Answer 86

OH-Cbl injection scheme appears efficacious for normalization of cellular Cbl deficiency in cats with gastrointestinal disease. four 300mcg injections IM every 2 weeks Humans - IM hydroxocobalamin superior to cyanocobalamin clinical disease activity score decreased serum cobalamin increased, then decreased into normal levels methylmalonic acid (MMA) ultimately normalized in most cats - in metabolism, methylmalonyl CoA --> succinylCoA via methylmalonyl mutase. - in cobalamin deficient cats, decrease in mutase activity = increased MMA in serum - measure MMA detects availability of cobalamin for cells and is test of choice to detect cobalamin deficiency in people Low cobalamin = high MMA

Answer 87

The intersection of personal and professional life differs between men and women in the ACVIM, which may create different needs, preferences, or barriers to work-life balance in the workforce. Men more likely to be married and have children. Women had or adopted children later than men. Career stage more influential in planning then men. People with children worked fewer hours.

Answer 88

Specialization in the ACVIM is a satisfying and potentially profitable career. Despite a highly feminized workforce, significant gender-related imbalances are evident. 75% women and 25% men Academia - worked more hours, less money Women less likely to report full time job, practice ownership, or higher academic rank 20% lower income in women 83% satisfied or better with career

Answer 89

Dogs with ATh have a poor prognosis, with nonambulatory dogs at the time of presentation having worse outcome. Although the presence of comorbid conditions associated with hypercoagulability is common, an underlying cause for ATh was not always identified. 35% non-ambulatory 27% acute 72% chronic 54% predisposing co-morbidity 23% multiple comorbidities Co-morbidities - PLN (32) - neoplasia (22) - corticosteroids (16) - endocrine disease (13) - infection (9) Dogs with PLN had lower antithrombin activity. Ambulation significantly correlated with survival to discharge.

Answer 90

This study of dogs with OA-CSM did not identify clinical or MRI progression of lesions in the majority of dogs. progression of articular process irregularities - C3-4 - C6-7 significant decreases in vetebral canal and spinal cord areas - C4-5 - C6-7

Answer 91

Aerosolized delivery of gentamicin seems effective for inducing clinical cure in Bb infection. Clinical response appears better using undiluted 5% solution, particularly in the subgroup of dogs having less than 1000 cells/μL in lavage. aerosolized gentamicin for greater than 10mins q12 for greater than 3 weeks using 4mg/kg - diluted vs undiluted cure - absence of cough persisting at least a week after treatment interuption cure at 3-4 weeks (first check) more frequent with undiluted solution and dogs that had less than 1000cells/uL

Answer 92

Mucopolysaccharidosis type 1 = lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of enzyme a-L-iduronidase = accumulation of dermatan and heparan sulfates - leads to multiorgan dysfunction. Analysis of the genotype/phenotype correlation in this dog family suggests that dogs with MPS-I could have a less severe phenotype than humans, even in the presence of severe mutations. Treatment with pentosan polyphosphate should be considered in dogs with MPS-I as it improves clinical signs. Euthanasia at 4.5y Deletion of IDUA exon 10 in a family of golden retriever dogs homozygous

Answer 93

CKD present in 41% cats receiving doxorubicin in this study 34% of those cats developed an increase in creat (more than 0.3) 14% had increase greater than 50% of baseline mean time to increase was 119d mean 2.8 doses administered neutropenia or anemia with chemo and number of radiation therapy treatments under anesthesia were risk factors for creat increase single agent doxo had higher risk of increase in creat than cats receiving CHOP Progressive increases in serum creatinine concentration from baseline were common in cats receiving doxorubicin and associated risk factors were identified (neutropenia, anemia, anesthetic radiation events).

Answer 94

Strong breed dispositions for VD. Prevalence 8 per 10k dogs age @ dx = 12.68y Breeds: Frenchies (OR: 9.25) Bulldogs (OR 6.53) King Charles Spaniel (OR: 4.96) CKCS (OR: 3.56) Springer Spaniel (OR: 3.37) Low referral rates for VD. (3.6%) Presenting signs - head tilt 70% - nystagmus 68% - ataxia 65% Tx - antiemetics 43% - glucocorticoids 33% - abx 25% - propentofylline 25% Improvement in 42% cases after median of 4d.

Answer 95

Absolute cardiac diameters (left atrial diameter and left ventricular internal diameter in diastole) and Left Atrial Speckle Tracking Echocardiography (in particular, Peak Atrial Longitudinal Strain) are useful echocardiographic predictors for the development of AF in dogs with MMVD. PALS greater than or equal to 28% predicted AF - sensitivity 80% - specificity 65%

Answer 96

Torasemide was noninferior to furosemide as first line PO treatment for new onset CHF caused by DMVD. Torasemide significantly decreased risk of cardiac-related death or premature study withdrawal for cardiac reasons compared to furosemide. Torasemide = longer time to endpoint = less than half as likely to experience death, euthanasia, or premature study withdrawal

Answer 97

Demyelinating polyneuropathy of Miniature Schnauzers tends to remain stable over the long term leading to a good prognosis with preventive feeding measures and symptomatic treatment to control aspiration pneumonia. - focally folded myelin sheaths - similar to charcot-marie-tooth disease - genetic variant of MTRM13/SBF2 - homozygous CS - Regurgitation with megaesophagus - Aphonic bark +/- neuromuscular weakness age of onset 3-18mos clinical presentation 4-96mos Symptomatic tx - elevating head - antacids - prokinetics - bethanechol - sildenafil - mirtaz Clinical signs do not resolve / change Aspiration is a risk

Answer 98

aka slow kill protocol well tolerated with no clinically relevant adverse effects ALT and ALKP significantly higher in treated group HW disease on imaging observed in both groups - no significant differences Fewer heartworms in treated dogs Mean pulmonary aterial thrombus score was significantly higher in treated group. Studies show slow kill shows 95.9% efficacy in eliminating sexually mature adult heartworms after 10mos and microfilariae within 21d --- different study, same dogs

Answer 99

Traumatic skull fracture distribution and patterns are different between dogs and cats. Cranial vault fractures were associated with neurological deficits and worse survival. Especially with depressed fractures. Cranial vault factures fragmented and displaced - more likely death TSF alone should not be considered a negative prognostic factor because most affected animals (85%) survived the first week. dogs - cranial vault cats - face and base of cranium - multiple fractures Facial region - less likely to have neurologic signs

Answer 100

Stem cell transplant for B-cell lymphoma acquired circulating factor 5 inhibitors resulting in clinical bleeding immunosuppression required for treatment to stop hemorrhage

Answer 101

Vertebral heart size greater than 11.7 identified dogs with left heart enlargement on echo. Vertebral heart size less than 10.8 excluded dogs with left heart enlargement on echoc. Large percent of dogs had VHS values intermediate to these cut points.

Answer 102

VetFoam is an apparently safe, effective novel bulking agent, which can be used as an alternative for the management of USMI. 22 injection procedures in 15 dogs 5 dogs needed more than one procedure age 9y median continence score increased compared to before continence - 13/15 dogs (87%) after first procedure - 7/7 (100%) after second procedure 91% procedures resulted in high continence scores at first follow up Median duration of continence 11.1 months 1 dog developed self limiting stranguria, pollakiuria, tenesmus

Answer 103

7y MN Frenchie presenting for chronic large intestinal enteropathy colonic mass and thickened rectal mucosa eosinophilic proctitis large, irregularly shaped hyphae GMS and PAS positive Basidiobolus ranarum Itraconazole, terbinafine, pred tx CS and sonographic lesions absent after 6 wees Tx discontinued @ 15 weeks by owner Three weeks later - acute collapse, euth metastatic islet cell carcinoma grossly unremarkable rectal tissue but histopath showed fungal lesions

Answer 104

SH common in dogs with AKI. SH might be associated with fluid overload which is associated with non-survival. Monitoring for SH and FO. Prevalence SH 75% 56% severe = greater than 180 16% hypertensive retinopathy 77% urine protein creatinine ratio greater than 0.5 42% had fluid overload at some point No association between SH and IRIS AKI grade, oligo/anuria, survival to discharge, duration of hosp, or proteinuria. Fluid overload at presentation were more likely to be hypertensive at admission. Dogs that did not survive were more likely to have fluid overload.

Answer 105

humans - non-hodgkin lymphoma associated with environmental chemical exposures and risk is enhanced by genetic variants in glutathione s-transferases (GST) enzymes hypothesized that boxers (risk breed) would have a higher prevalence of GST variants and greater accumulated DNA damage. endogenous DNA damage did not differ between boxers and non-boxers Boxers with lymphoma more likely to live within 10miles of nuclear power plant and 2 miles of chemical supplier or crematorium. Lymphoma risk was not modulated by known canine GST variants. Proximity to nuclear power plants, chemical suppliers, and crematoria were significant risk factors for lymphoma in this population of boxers. These results support the hypothesis that aggregate exposures to environmental chemicals and industrial waste may contribute to lymphoma risk in dogs.

Answer 106

Myasthenia - impaired neuromuscular transmission - acquired vs. congenital Myasthenia gravis is an acquired autoimmune disorder with autoantibodies against the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle. Congenital = clinical heterogenous MG Presentation - focal - generalized - acute fulminating Sub-classified based on - autoimmune disease mechanism - thymoma - thiourylene medication cats - seronegativity Congenital classification based on - affected NMJ component - mechanism of defect - affected protein - mutated gene responsible

Answer 107

determine effects of sedation, general anesthesia, or anti-seizure drugs on ambulatory wireless video electroencephalography (AEEG) used to discriminate epileptic seizures from non-epileptic episodes Sedation/GA and concurrent ASD administration were not identified as confounding factors for decreasing AEEG diagnostic capability nor did they delay the time to first abnormality. A 4-hour minimal recording period is recommended. AEEG diagnostic in 60% of dogs including 49% of sedation/GA dogs and 68% of dogs that received neither AEEG diagnostic in in 51% of seizure dogs and 66% untreated. 95% of dogs had at least 1 abnormality within 277 minutes.

Answer 108

This immunotherapy protocol without cytotoxic chemotherapy is safe and tolerable. Compared to historical amputation reports, survival was notably prolonged in this group of patients. Autologous cancer cell vaccinations administered Leukopheresis MNC products stimulated ex vivo with T-cell activating agents. Activated product tranfused and 5 SQ IL-2 injections were given q48h. Monitored for 3 months . Autologous cancer cell vaccine and activated cellular therapy products successfully generated. median disease free interval 213d. 1 dog developed cutaneous metastasis which spontaneously resolved. MST 415d Five dogs survived longer than 730d.

Answer 109

evaluated nutrient concentrations in all senior cat foods met AAFCO values for adult maintenance. Foods for senior cats had higher crude fiber content when compared to adult cat diets. No significant differences in crude protein, crude fat, or mineral concentrations between adult and senior. Foods marketed for senior cats are highly variable in their caloric density and nutrient content. Except for crude fiber, are similar to foods for adult cats. Veterinarians should avoid broad recommendations regarding commercially available foods for senior cats, and dietary recommendations should reflect the patient's individual needs.

Answer 110

LA/Ao was the least reproducible and most dependent on operator. Linear measurements exhibited less within day, between day, and inter-operator variability than did volume measurements. LA/Ao - greater variability than other linear measurements

Answer 111

Most dogs with FSGS = female (62%) Commonly hypertensive Azotemia, severe hypoalbuminemia, ascites or edema observed infrequently. Albumin (<2) and creatinine (>2.1) associated with shorter survival. Incidence of FSGS among all dogs biopsied for proteinuria 26%. At time of bx, medians - creat 1.2 - alb 2.8 - SBP 153 - UPC 5.9 MST after bx 258d

Answer 112

All dogs (25) had CLIPR. 22 dogs had endoscopic GI lesions. 13 dogs had GI signs. Marked improvement in respiratory signs when treated for only GI signs. Nasal and upper digestive tract abnormalities coexist in some dogs with CILPR. Lack of standardized therapeutic protocols suggests caution when interpreting improvement in nasal clinical signs.

Answer 113

SH common with HAC. Recommend routinely assessing BP, especially if thrombocytosis, proteinura, or hypokalemia are present. Prevalence of SH 82% Severe SH 46% All dogs with thrombocytosis had SH. PLT count >438 was 100% specific and 61% sensitive. Mean K levels lower in hypertensive dogs. UPC > 0.5 had higher SBP than without proteinuria. Concurrent DM - reduced risk of SH

Answer 114

Gastric wall edema is a common finding in dogs with hypoalbuminemia. - prevalence 21% - mean gastric wall thickness 10mm - preserved mucosa, thickened submucosa Diffuse wall thickening in 3 dogs. all dogs had effusion Albumin concentrations did not correlate with the gastric wall thickness.

Answer 115

Case report 3mo ME Shiba presenting for evaluation of seizures seizure frequency remained unchanged despite pheno and keppra. markedly hypoglycemic during a seizure episode insulin concentrations HIGH during hypoglycemia Tx: frequent feedings and diazoxide - drug blocks release of insulin from pancreas d/c anti-seizure medications and remained seizure free until 3yo seizures reoccurred @ 2x per year and after exertion Glucose monitoring adjusted diazoxide dose First report in vet medicine.

Answer 116

Decreased renal cortical thickness is observed in cats with loss of renal function. Measurement of cortical thickness using ultrasonography could be a useful method to evaluate the progression of CKD in cats. cortical thickness decreased in all groups and negatively correlated with disease severity. - stronger linear correlation with the reciprocal of serum creatinine Left kidney 4.7mm cutoff - sensitivity 90% - specificity 94.7% Right kidney cutoff 4.5mm - sensitivity 83.8% - specificity 94.7%

Answer 117

The prevalence of HA among dogs with chronic SGD is higher than in the general population. Based on these results, testing adrenal function should be performed as a standard screening test in dogs with chronic SGD to differentiate between HA and chronic enteropathies. 151 dogs with signs of GI disease cortisol - <3 53% - <2 28% - <1 6% (9 dogs) 6/151 dogs = Addison's prevalence 4% (versus prevalence of 0.06 to 0.28% general population) no difference in history, PE, or labs between dogs with HA vs. without. electrolyte abnormalities not noted 4/6 dogs with HA - melena or hematochezia Common addison's breed - Portuguese water dogs - standard poodles - bearded collies - cairn terriers - cocker spaniels Genetic predisposition - nova scotia duck tolling retriever - leonberger - pomeranian Highest prevalence in great pyrenees = 9.7% Primary HA - slowly progressive immune mediated destruction and consecutive atrophy of adrenal cortex CS - anorexia 89% - vomiting 72% - weight loss 42% - diarrhea 35%

Answer 118

Case report. Application of centrifugal TPE in 4 dogs with IMT. All dogs with severe hemorrhage requiring 1+ transfusions, unresponsive to therapy, or both. 3 sequential centrifugal TPE session. 4.0-4.9 plasma volumes exchanged per dog. 3 dogs - TPE improvement in clinical manifestations of bleeding and PLT count in combo with immunosuppressive drugs. 1 dog euth. TPE safe and may be useful.

Answer 119

Cognitive dysfunction syndrome - progressive neurodegenerative disease quantify Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptides in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to investigate their contribution to CCDS. total AB42/40 discriminated between mildly cognitively impaired and unimpaired. CSF AB42 higher in unimpared than mildly impaired. CSF AB42 levels correlated with CP fragment. Plasma bound AB42 higher in mildly impaired compared to other aged dogs. Conclusion - Aβ should be determined in all of the 3 plasma fractions (TP, FP, CP). - In the clinical approach, TPAβ42/40 could be used as an efficient preselection tool for the aged canine population targeting dogs with mild cognitive impairment.

Answer 120

Myocardial cell injury, reflected by increased cTnI concentrations and Ventricular Arrhythmias (VA), is common after V berus envenomation in dogs. Prolonged electrocardiography monitoring is advised, particularly where cTnI is increased. 57% developed arrhythmias - all ventricular 29% severe complex VA 81% increased cTnI developed arrhythmias - higher cTnI at 12h, 24h, 36h. snake bite severity score was not associated with arrhythmia grade.

Answer 121

Cat age negatively related to vitamin D status. Summation vitaminD lower in CM cats compared to normal cats both before and after accounting for age. 25(OH)D3 Concentrations became non-significant between groups after age was included. Summation vitamin D was positively related to survival time and fractional shortening. Negatively related to left atrial enlargement severity (before and after age). = lower vitD, more enlargement 25(OH)D3 alone, survival time and FS remained significant after including age. Conclusions: - Age had an important (negative) relationship to vitamin D status. - After accounting for age, summation vitD was lower in CM cats. - Vitamin D status was related positively to survival time and FS, but negatively to LAE severity.

Answer 122

Most common type of deafness in Dalmatian dogs = congenital sensorineural deafness decrease in prevalence and genetic risk = due to selective breeding for hearing dogs prevalence CSD 18% - 13% unilateral - 4% bilateral Heritability 0.3, significantly greater than 0. Genetic correlations between CSD and blue irises (positive) and pigmented head patch (negative). Avoided breeding with the 4 to 5% of animals with highest genetic risk.

Answer 123

Stelfonta is efficacious and well tolerated, providing a new option for the local treatment of MCTs in dogs. Single treatment 75% complete response by 28d. No recurrence 93% of dogs by 84d. Dogs that did not achieve CR first time, did with second treatment. Overall CR 88% Wound formation after tumor slough and wound size relative to tumor volume strongly associated with efficacy. Side effects - low grade and transient

Answer 124

Reflux of variable magnitude detected in 12/12 dogs. Recumbency did not affect. Most reflux to the pharynx, then parts of esophagus (middle, proximal = distal). Median reflux frequency = 2 events per 5 minutes. Duration = 6s. No detectable aspiration. Nuclear scintigraphy can document reflux in dogs. Reflux, but not aspiration, is common in healthy dogs and must be considered when interpreting results in clinically affected dogs.

Answer 125

Testing does not consistently discriminate among adequate dosing (A), overdosing (O), or under-dosing (U). No single variable or group of variables reliably discriminated A dogs from U dogs during trilostane treatment for PDH. Trilostane suppresses serum cortisol concentrations within 1 hour of administration and it's duration of action in most PDH dogs is less than 8 hours.

Answer 126

Data on gastrointestinal motility-modifying drugs in cats is limited Metoclopramide and erythromycin shorten gastric emptying times and increase the motility index of antral contractions. = prokinetic effect in healthy cats. Exenatide = delays gastric emptying.

Answer 127

Discordant outcomes between SDMA and creatinine after radioiodine treatment in cats with hyperthyroidism suggest extrarenal factors may interfere with the reliability of SDMA to adequately reflect renal function. As a result, SDMA should not be interpreted in isolation in hyperthyroid cats treated with radioiodine. mean SDMA concentration increased after tx 1/3 (21) cats had a decrease in SDMA Creatinine decreased in 2 cats. Correlation between SDMA and creat at T1 but not T0. Poor agreement between SDMA and creat and CKD stage @ T1.

Answer 128

Right atrial area, RV function, and right heart failure offer clinically relevant prognostic information in dogs with PH. -- aka associated with shorter survival Results support the quantitative assessment of right heart size and function in dogs with PH. Enlarged of RA = 88% Enlarged PA = 72% Enlarged RV = 69% 1/3 cases had decreased RV function - quantified by TAPSE. Decreased TAPSE significantly more common in dogs with PH not secondary to LHD. MST similar across cause. MST 192d

Answer 129

Ventriculoperitoneal shunting is a rapid and effective treatment for patients with obstructive (hypertensive) hydrocephalus caused by tumors located within the third ventricle. @ dx - all patients had acute and rapidly progressive intracranial CS all dogs had homogeneously enhancing mass occupying 3rd ventricle causing obstructive hydrocephalus VPS of most dilated lateral ventricle Excellent clinical improvement noted after sx in all dogs. 3 patients required a second shunt in contralateral ventricle.

Answer 130

Kidneys from cats with CKD had significantly higher transcript levels of HIF1A, MMP2, MMP7, MMP9, TIMP1, and TGFB1. Lower levels of VEGFA. MMP7 and TIMP1 positively associated with serum creatinine in cats with CKD. MMP2, MMP7, TIMP1 positively associated with histologic score severity. VEGFA negatively associated with histologic score severity. Evaluation of the expression of the corresponding proteins in larger populations could identify therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in cats.

Answer 131

Mechanical sensory thresholds normalize by 6 months after surgery in most dogs with SCI. Approximately 15% of SCI dogs may develop chronic neuropathic pain. Improving long-term pain assessment of SCI dogs is important for offering treatment options and advising owners. At incision site, mechanical sensory thresholds were lower for 42 days post-op, then not after. = pain initially, then resolves. 4/27 dogs had control site MST below reference range 1 year after surgery. = chronic neuropathic pain.

Answer 132

Accurate, though imprecise quantification of bladder volume in dogs greater than 5.5kg. Interuser variability. mean urine volume varied by operator, device setting, and weight. Man setting = near catheterized volumes >5.5kg - mean difference between man setting and catheterized measurements was not significantly different, regardless of operator.

Answer 133

>5.3 = positive <3.5 = negative lower proportion of false positives than false negatives. A positive Spec fPL result indicates that pancreatitis is a probable diagnosis, but the test cannot be used to rule the diagnosis out.

Answer 134

Presenting for vomiting and labored breathing. Pleural and peritoneal effusion - neutrophilic inflammation with eosinophilic component positive IgM and IgG titers Tx with fluconazole 6mos CS and effusions improved after 6wks 3 months after tx - bony lesion

Answer 135

Neuronal malformation 3mo FE Chihuahua presenting for epileptic seizures and abnormalities in gait and behavior. Multifocal neurolocalization - forebrain and spinovestibular MRI - multiple bilateral periventricular nodules and ventriculomegaly Histology - periventricular nodules = neurons, fewer astrocytes, oligodendroglia Migration disorder where neuronal cells fail to migrate normally during development Heterotopia = ectopic neuron clusters Gray matter heterotopia - subcortical - band - periventricular

Answer 136

4 cases of neuro FIP treated with GS-441524 for 12 weeks. All cats had positive response. 3 cats alive off treatment with normal PE 1 cat euthanized after relapses May result in clearance and long term resolution of neuro FIP. CNS doses may need to be higher.

Answer 137

Clinical Signs - anorexia 85% - lethargy 60% - weight loss 39% - vomiting 27% Etiologies - ureteral obstruction 11% - renal ischemia 9% - pyelo 8% - other 6% - unknown 66% Hospitalization longer in survivors (7d) vs non (3d). Survival rate to discharge 58% Age, creat, urea, P higher in non-survivors pH lower in non-survivors Phos associated with short term outcome Survivors - MST 66d after discharge Creat @ presentation and discharge associated with long term survival. The short-term prognosis of ACKD is comparable to acute kidney injury, while the long-term prognosis is guarded.

Answer 138

In healthy dogs, SC liposomal cytarabine administration at 50 mg/m2 results in measurable plasma cytarabine concentrations, is apparently safe and well tolerated, but does not result in prolonged cytotoxic plasma concentrations. Poor absorption of LC prevented establishment of a complete LC PK profile. time to reach max plasma concentration 2h plasma bioavailability 19.6 - 31.3% PK profiles of free cytarabine SQ and IV admin differed when compared to lysosomal cytarabine.

Answer 139

indings support a negative association between increased duration of anesthesia and outcome in this group of dogs. However, the retrospective nature of the data does not imply a causal relationship. 61% dogs ambulatory within 1 year 38% dogs failed to recover - 24% euth due to progressive myelomalacia Anesthesia duration of dogs that were ambulatory within 1 year - 4 hrs VERSUS those that did not - 4.5hrs significant negative association between duration of sx + total anesthesia time and ambulation at 1 year when controlling body weight and number of disk spaces operated on More anesthesia / sx time = worse outcome

Answer 140

Lafora disease - genetic autosomal recessive disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of polyglucosan inclusions (Lafora bodies). - leads to neurologic dysfunsion --- myoclonus epilepsy Breeds: - mini wire haired - dachshunds - bassets - beagles NHLRC1 gene mutation Decreased amounts of NAA (n-acetyl-aspartate) and glutamate-glutamine complex. Increased amounts of total choline and phosphoethanolamine relative to water and total creatine. Abnormalities on 1HMRS (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) vs. conventional MRI.

Answer 141

Bartonella rochalimae - documented in infectious endocarditis in dogs --> 5/8 dogs in this study other clinical syndromes - seizures - abx responsive lameness - routine screening (subclinical)

Answer 142

Paroxysmal dyskinesias (PDs) are a group of central nervous system diseases characterized by episodes of abnormal involuntary hyperkinetic movement without altered consciousness that increasingly have been recognized in dogs. Episodes = sudden dystonia of more than 1 limb, generalized body tremors, preserved consciousness age 5.4y episode duration 4.5min episode frequency variable - most stress or exercise induced Acetazolamide (diuretic) administration - 4/6 decrease in episode frequency 7 dogs fed gluten free diet - 6/7 became episode free 4 dogs - episodes stopped spontaneously 2 dogs - no tx, episodes continued at same frequency Prognosis fair to good despite tx Drugs reported in tx - acetazolamide, fluoxetine, clonazepam, diazepam, phenobarbital Acetazolamide - carbonic anhydrase inhibitor - kaliuresis, diuresis, metabolic acidosis, lowers serum bicarbonate concentrations - decreases brain lactate and pyruvate = brain acidosis and changes in intracellular and extracellular pH - LEADS TO decreased neuronal excitability

Answer 143

effusions resulting in neurologic deficits = 38% concurrent atopic dermatitis and otitis externa = 56% neutrophils and macs on cytology mucosa thickened submucosa dilation in affected and unaffected no bacterial growth 79% 21% bacterial growth - mostly Staph pseudintermedius

Answer 144

CHF - inflammatory disease Outcome may be determined by extent of inflammation and possibly amount of residual renal function. All cardiorenal biomarkers (NT-proBNP, SDMA, creat, acute phase proteins - APP) were positively correlated and higher in CHF cats. High NT-proBNP and SDMA were associated with poor clinical outcome. CHF - higher leucine rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1, serum amyloid A, ceruloplasmin. These APP correlated positively with NT-proBNP and LA size. Prognostic factors for CHF - alpha-1-acid glycoprotein - body weight - LA:Ao

Answer 145

O QOL impacted by caring for dogs with cardiac disease. (50% impacted). Caring for dogs either strengthened or had no impact on relationship with pet.

Answer 146

High cPLI indicates serious acute pancreatitis but underlying pancreatic neoplasms should also be taken into consideration. normal pancreas - 93% cPLI normal - significantly lower than dogs with panc diseases moderate / severe panc = 91% sensitive most dogs with panc tumors had additional pancreatic inflammation and cPLI results increased in 10/12 dogs.

Answer 147

Polyethylene glycol - used for colonoscopy prep Aspiration progresses to pulmonary edema. Aspiration treated with BAL 2y M Beagle aspirated a small amount, became hypoxic. Bronchoscopy to lavage 5x over 45mins Full recovery.

Answer 148

ADMA concentrations higher in dogs with acute panc vs. control. ADMA associated with mortality. AP higher admission ADMA vs. control. CAPS >11 = higher ADMA. Survivors had significant decrease in ADMA at first re-eval compared to admission.

Answer 149

- Ratio of peak velocirt of early diastolic transmitral flow to peak velocity of late diastolic transmitral flow - LA:Ao - diastolic functional class - RR greater than 36brpm - Ratio of the peak velocity of fused early and late transmitral flow velocities to the peak velocity of the fused early and late diastolic tissue Doppler waveforms performed best for detecting CHF doppler echo variables can be used to detect CHF in cats with HCM

Answer 150

4 cases - triggered by eating 6 cases - eating and spontaneous most common seizure type - focal evolving to generalized 9 dogs - IE 1 dog - glioma Gliomas associated with eating associated epilepsy in people.

Answer 151

Pressure on chest in cats can induce narrowing of mid-right ventricular lumen causing blood flow turbulence in the absence of cardiac abnormalities. Evaluate effect of pressure from ultrasound against chest during echo on RV outflow velocity and flow turbulence. Outflow velocity increased from 1.05 to 1.94 during testing. No correlation between RV outflow peak velocity and HR. Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and associated heart murmur CAN BE INDUCED iatrogenically in apparently healthy cats by increasing pressure on the right chest wall with an ultrasound probe.

Answer 152

Circulating miRNAs are differentially expressed in dogs with mammary carcinoma. Serum miR-19b and miR-18a represent candidate biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, respectively. serum miR-19b and miR-12a = significantly higher in carcinoma group serum miR-18a higher in dogs with evidence of lymphatic invasion. No significant association with miRNA and survival or inflammatory status

Answer 153

idiopathic airway disease in cats - asthmatic = eosinophils - bronchitic = neutrophils 49 cats - eosinophilic = 23 - mixed = 14 - neutrophilic = 12 Cough = primary CS no difference in duration of CS between groups = 5.5mos RR/RE, CBC, rad interp did not differ between groups Eosinophilic = younger, 4.4y Neutrophilic = older, 8y Mixed = 7.5y

Answer 154

1. No clinical benefit 2. predisposes to amoxicillin resistant e. coli that can persist for as long as 3 weeks post tx No ABX in dogs with diarrhea unless signs of sepsis No difference in recovery between treated or controls. 1-6 days to normalized, median 2 No significant difference in dysbiosis index.

Answer 155

Biomarker for humans with CKD and AKI. U-hemojuvelin and urine hemojuvelin to creatinine ratio (UHCR) potentially can serve as diagnostic indicators for a range of renal diseases in cats. Significant differences between u-h and UHCR in control vs. renal disease cats. Late IRIS stage had higher values. Both correlated with BUN, creat, phos, low HCT, rbc, and albumin. UHCR correlated with WBC.

Answer 156

Anti-seizure properties of medium chain triglyceride (MCT) dietary supplements compared to control. Seizure frequency and seizure-day frequency lower when fed MCT. 2 dogs - seizure free 3 greater than 50% reduction 12 less than 50% reduction 11 no change

Answer 157

Generalized seizures in dogs can be detected with a collar-mounted accelerometer, but the overall sensitivity is low. Sensitivity 18.6% False detection rate of 0.096 per day Individualized algorithm did not help. QoL scores improved at study completion. Correlated with change in weekly exercise.

Answer 158

Seropositivity of canine immunoglobulins A against selected serologic markers in dogs appears promising in the detection and differentiation of IBD versus other acute GI conditions. Antibody reactivity to Escherichia coli OmpC and canine autoantibodies against polymorphonuclear leukocytes (APMNA) displayed the highest single marker discriminating performance. IBD 39-76% prevalence of seropositivity Non-IBD / normal dogs prevalence 0-13% OmpC = highest performer marker

Answer 159

4y Hungarian Vizsla acute onset of ascites RV thrombus Tx clopidogrel Resolution Plasma protein C measured 2 and 6 weeks after = lower than expected D/c clopidogrel, start rivaroxaban No evidence of recurrent thrombus with 6mo follow up Protein C = circulating vitamin K dependent protease - produced by liver - acts as anti-coagulant by inactivating factors 5a and 8a Deficiencies --> venous thrombotic events

Answer 160

No clinical benefit in routine urine cultures in hyperthyroid cats without LUT signs. Hyperthyroid cats - low prevalence of subclinical bacteriuria = 4.3% Similar to euthyroid cats Female - risk factor Positive urine cultures more likely with dilute urine, pyuria, or microscopic bacteriuria.

Answer 161

4-week course of doxycycline with or without imidocarb failed to show evidence of activation of E. canis infection after administration of pred + cyclo for 6 weeks. 3/7 dogs incidentally concurrently infected with anaplasma and babesia = treated with imidocarb No recrudescence of any organism detected. IFA titers for E. canis negative in 5/7 dogs after immunosuppression, negative in 5/5 6 months post protocol.

Answer 162

Palladia Toceranib phosphate could prove to be a useful postoperative adjuvant treatment because of its modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Time to Progression - Palladia and surgery = 360d - Surgery = 298d VEGFR2 expression, Treg, and HIF-1a cells lower from one surgery to second if treated with surgery and palladia.

Answer 163

UPregulation of miR-502 was detected before significant changes in cTnI concentrations or echocardiographic parameters.

Answer 164

Commercial Spec cPL = highest repeatability Vcheck cPL = significantly lower repeatability. Both in-house assays evaluated may provide discrepant categorical results (“pancreatitis” versus “equivocal” versus “not pancreatitis”) for the same sample. In-house pancreatic lipase concentrations may be lower than those determined by the Spec cPL assay.

Answer 165

Administration of clopidogrel/prednisone increases platelet dysfunction in healthy dogs. Glucocorticoids - hypercoagulability Compared to clopidogrel, dogs receiving prednisone/clopidogrel were 11 times more likely to have an excessive response. Clopidogrel counteracts the glucocorticoid induced platelet reactivity and enhanced platelet dysfunction. all dogs overcontrolled in combo group = excessive loss of platelet reactivity clopidogrel alone - only 5 on day 14 and 2 on day 28 were overcontrolled Synergism on platelet dysfunction

Answer 166

Stage of disease and post-op hypoglycemia = associated with greater odds of relapse and decreased survival time Post-op hyperglycemia = 33% Post-op DM more common than previously reported (19%) - no predictive factors for DM MST 372d stage 1 disease = longest survival time = 652d stage 2 / 3 = 320d

Answer 167

Dogs with MMVD and cardiomegaly experience the following changes when developing CHF: - increase HR, RR, RRR, VHS - decrease BW, rectal temp Highest change = RR and RRR = important to monitor at home VHS increased earliest

Answer 168

Breed = no effect on plasma NT-proBNP concentrations Higher in males than females ELISA and POC test had similar sensitivity (73%) and specificity (98%) for detecting HCM. Tests could detect all HCM cats with LAE - could NOT detect all HCM withut LAE

Answer 169

Negative perception by radiologists Minimally risky based on data 40/138 have performed FNA Worries - hypertensive crisis risk --- NOT noted as a complication Complications - hemorrhage - ARDS - possibly from lar par No relation between method of FNA/needle type and complications Death rate 1%

Answer 170

Acid-base changes are common and complex in dogs with parvo, and were easier to understand using a strong ion model paradigm. Increases in unmeasured anions have not been documented in PE in dogs. HH approach 31/44 acid base cases - 16/31 mixed --> metabolic acidosis with respiratory acidosis most common FS approach 36/42 = metabolic changes VDM strong ion model 28/44 acid base cases Major contributors - hyponatremia, hypochloremia, Atot acidosis due to elevated globulins and increased UA.

Answer 171

Afib common in this group - 8.9% prevalence rate - occurs with (55%) or without cardiac disease Irish wolfhound cardiomyopathy (IWCM) = left chamber enlargement but minimally decreased ejection phase indices - prevalence 1.8% Afib and male = risk factor for development of IWCM

Answer 172

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism occurs in dogs - gene polymorphism did not alter baseline RAAS activity - aldosterone breakthrough occured in some dogs = non-angiotensin mediated aldosterone production --> 55% in polymorphism positive (PP) --> 38% in polymorphism negative (PN) aldosterone higher in PP dogs - supports the use of aldosterone receptor antagonists with ACEi when RAAS inhibition is needed RAAS pathway suppressed and alternative RAAS pathway enhanced with enalapril administration

Answer 173

recurrent UTIs occurred more frequently in spayed female dogs mean age 3.8y majority F and S Breeds - labs - aussies - min schnauz Hooded vulva 33/48 Cystoscopic abnormalities - mucosal edema - vestibulovaginal septal remnant - lymphoid follicles - short urethra - ectopic ureter Urine culture positive in 13/49 @ cystoscopy Bladder wall edema and ulceration most common histopath finding

Answer 174

Reliable technique for differentiating LPE from SCL Sensitivity 87% Specificity 92% Accuracy 89% Clonality testing worse sens 86% spec 33% acc 62%

Answer 175

Idiopathic alplastic pancytopenia - uncommon - pancytopenia with immune mediated etiology - small percent respond to immunosuppression - mortality 80% Eltrombopag = thrombopoietin receptor agonist - addition improves response rate in humans --> overall 94% --> complete 58% Complete remission achieved adding eltrombopag to immunosuppression - able to sustain remission after stopping meds

Answer 176

this system achieved an application accuracy better than the accuracy of most current systems.

Answer 177

Liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) is a biomarker for early detection of renal disease in humans. L-FABP = cytotoxic oxidation product secreted from proximal tubules under ischemia and oxidative stress. Renal expression occurs in cats. Weak correlation between L-FABP and current renal biomarkers (Cr and SDMA).

Answer 178

Radiation for sinonasal tumors can cause KCS. Incidence is associated with mean radiation dose received by ipsilateral lacrimal gland in humans. 20% developed KCS in this study. developed at median 111d after 1st radiation. Higher dose per fraction in eyes that got KCS No eyes that received a dose less than 20Gy developed KCS. - 71% developed with greater than 20Gy dose. Contouring and applying dose constraint to reduce risk of KCS.

Answer 179

Possible immunomodulating properties of dietary arginine and ornithine in cats. Number of phagocytic granulocytes linearly decreased with increasing dietary concentrations.

Answer 180

Endoscopic ICC perforation is not indicative of underlying disease. Associated with good prognosis. Delayed diagnosis can occur. 6 ileal 5 cecal 4 colonic perforations survival to discharge 93% 78% survived >8 months diagnosis delayed in 5 dogs median 3d after endoscopy - represented for -- inappetence -- lethargy -- abdominal pain -- retching -- syncope Histopath did not identify lesions at perf site in any animal.

Answer 181

All primary ITP dogs were positive for APA. 20% thrombocytopenic non-ITP dogs positive for APA. Melena @ presentation associated with decreased survival to discharge. Persistence of APA not associated with response to tx. Recurrence of AB associated with relapse (OR: 205). No difference in percentage of APA or platelet count at initial dx in dogs that did vs. did not respond to treatment. Serial APA monitoring may be beneficial in determining relapse of disease.

Answer 182

Rabacfosadine = Tanovea - good for naive and treated dogs with lymphoma Concurrent use = efficacious and safe for treating relapsed lymphoma AE - mild, no toxicoses noted ORR 67% 41% complete response median progression free survival time (MPFST) 63d if CR - MPFST 144d. Negative prognostic factors = failure to achieve CR = previous elspar administration

Answer 183

DM = increased protein oxidation = reduced antioxidant defenses Changes persist during treatment and remission - mild improvement in protein oxidation short term hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia does not cause oxidative stress. Erythrocytes of DM cats - higher median carbonyls - lower cytoplasmic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)

Answer 184

Dogs that respond to ultra low fat diet are diagnosed with food responsive PLE. = favorable prognosis, longer survival times - MST 432d - 23/33 dogs responded to diet Clinical scores (CCECAI) - could be helpful differentiating food from immunosuppressive responsive from non-responsive. CCECAI significantly lower in food responsive than other groups.

Answer 185

Prednisone and cyclosporine both affected expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ Both have the ability to influence results when utilizing pharmacodynamic monitoring of cyclosporine treatment. Cyclosporine more suppressive than prednisone. Mycophenolate, leuflonomide, azathioprine did not impact.

Answer 186

UPC was not higher in samples collected at home vs. in hospital. Higher urine cortisol creatinine ratio in hospital. UCCr not associated with UPC. Stress as estimated by UCCr did not impact proteinuria. Travel time did not affect UPC or UCCr.

Answer 187

Implications of insulin, IGF-1, and inflammation in cats with aHCM - unclear whether physiologic or pathologic aHCM - higher BCS - higher insulin - higher NT-proBNP - higher cTn-I Association between NT-proBNP and - max end diastolic interventricular septum thickness - LA:Ao - LA diameter Association between cTn-1 and - LA/Ao - La max Association between SAA and - number of IVSd regions >6mm thickness BW associated with IGF-1 BCS associated with insulin, glucose, and IGF-1 NT-proBNP higher in cats with LA remodeling. SAA higher in cats with generalized hypertrophy.

Answer 188

Loop fecal samples better for PCR diagnosis. (versus colonic flush) 16% diagnosis T. foetus PCR. No association between PCR test results and treatment history, tx type, or prior ronidazole tx. After initial positive test, 21% treated with ronidazole had second positive test. = tx failure rate

Answer 189

Longer period of seizure freedom and longer survival time in dogs treated with radiotherapy compared to medical treatment. Mean 24mo seizure freedom vs. 1.7mo mean 34.6m survival vs. 6.2mo Recurrence of seizures noted before death in all dogs

Answer 190

A majority of SAIM Diplomates favored the retention of the publication requirement in some form. - 85% Helps understanding the scientific process CredPubs were cited at rates similar to control articles.

Answer 191

Famotidine CRI and esomeprazole might be superior acid suppressants compared to standard doses of pantoprazole for the first 72 hours of treatment. Significant increases in mean pH, MPT >3, and MPT >4 for all froups. Only esomeprazole and famotidine CRI achieved human goals.

Answer 192

MTT4 - standard assay No gold standard for serum total t4 measurement study to assess CTT4 and ITT4 vs. MTT4 Differences in CTT4 and MTT4 results affect interpretation at higher serum TT4 concentrations. The ITT4 proportional bias will underestimate serum TT4 concentrations in dogs and cats, compared to MTT4. Serial TT4 measurements should be done using the same assay.

Answer 193

Most dogs with pancreatitis (>70%) had triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations within normal limits. Small percent had hypertriglyceridemia and/or hypercholesterolemia = mild elevations Differences in lipoprotein profiles between dogs with panc vs. healthy. Pancreatitis = higher low density lipoprotein fractions (LDL) = lower triglyceride rich lipoproteins = lower high density lipoprotein fractions (HDL) Significant difference in triglyceride concentrations between panc vs healthy. No significant difference in cholesterol concentrations between panc vs. healthy.

Answer 194

Meningeal fibrosis with associated focal spinal cord destruction and neighboring vertebral column lesions were common findings in pugs with long-standing thoracolumbar myelopathy. Age 7y Affected pugs = progressive disease, incontinent Circumferential meningeal fibrosis with concomitant focal, malacic destruction of the neuroparenchyma in TL spine in 24/30 pugs. Vertebral lesions accompany. Lymphohistiocytic inflammation in 43%.

Answer 195

Transport to lab takes time. If stored and transported appropriately, immediate pre-plating of urine culture is unnecessary in most cases. Agreement between plating methods 0.884. 71% discrepant results had no clinical impact. 35% of midstream catch had discrepant results. 8% clinical impact. 8.6% of cysto had discrepant results but 41% had clinical impact.

Answer 196

Seizures with MUO = shorter survival times. PEE - seizures occurring after encephalitis 23% developed PEE in this study. 21% = drug resistant PEE = younger Risk - presence of acute symptomatic seizures and MRI lesions in the hippocampus. Dogs with MUO and seizures at the early stage of the disease (ASS) seem to be at a higher risk of developing PEE.

Answer 197

Platelet aggregometry -objective method to evaluate response to clopidogrel or aspirin tx. PLN dogs appear to metabolize clopidogrel similarly to healthy dogs. Clopidogrel > aspirin Clopidogrel - platelet aggregometry differed at all time points for ADP, not for any AA time point. Asprin - no differences at any time point for ADP or AA.

Answer 198

tT4 at hospital admission = prognostic value in cats with FPV infection. Cutoff value of 0.82ug/dL for tT4 for discriminating survivors from non-survivors. - sens 74% - spec 83% Age, neuter status, SAA, haptoglobin, cholesterol, presence of SIRS did not have prognostic value.

Answer 199

Palladia effective in treating AGASACA in dogs. Studied palladia alone, palladia + sx, palladia + chemo, palladia + sx + chemo OVERALL - Median progression free survival time = 313d - Overall survival time = 827d Clinical benefit from palladia 69% - 21% partial response - 48% stable disease Dogs responding to palladia = significantly prolonged progression free survival and overall survival. Hypercalcemia = negative prognostic factor.

Answer 200

Tracheal stent placement does not increase the overall rate of pathogenic bacterial infection in dogs with tracheal collapse and can decrease the rate of subsequent pathogenic infections in geriatric dogs and dogs with TTC that require tracheal stenting. Airway culture and cytology should be performed in all dogs undergoing tracheal stent placement. No difference in positive bacterial cultures before or after stent placement. Increased geriatric and traditional-type collapse (TTC) dogs had positive cultures BEFORE stent placement compared to young and malformation type collapse. 52% reduction in bacterial infection in geriatrics. 56% reduction in bacterial infection in TTC Risk factors for infection in geriatric dogs - hx of pneuminia - cardiac disease Risk factors for infection in young - hepatomegaly

Answer 201

Procalcitonin = human biomarker for sepsis. Likely to be clinically useful in dogs with sepsis. Admin LPS = decrease BP and increase temp, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy. - Significantly increased procalcitonin compared to baseline in 2h after LPS injection. - Remained significantly increased for 12h - return to baseline @ 48h No significant differences in placebo at any time points.

Answer 202

Brain or cervical spine = benefit from both CM and lumbar cisterns TL myelopathy = CM not helpful.

Answer 203

Urine culture not necessary in evaluation of all proteinuric dogs. Proportion of proteinuric dogs with inactive sediment but yet bacterial growth = low. Active urine sediment or lower urinary tract disease should prompt cultures for proteinuric dogs. 6.7% bacterial growth in urine. - 60% of these cases had active sediment Bacterial growth associated with pyuria, bacteriuria, and lower urinary tract disease. - using these markers to dictate culture, only 1.8% of bacterial growth would be undetected in proteinuric dogs

Answer 204

AUS alone not good for pancreatitis. Poor indicator of severity. AUS weakly correlated with spec cPL. AUS moderately correlated with clinical diagnosis. Pancreatic size, echogenicity, and mesenteric echogenicity correlated with diagnosis. Change in AUS not correlated with spec cPL or diagnosis changes. Panc enlargement, echogenicity, OR mesentery echogenicity - sens 89% - spec 43% = more true positive, higher likelihood of incorrectly diagnosing All three criteria - sens 43% - spec 93% = less true positives, higher likelihood of correctly diagnosing

Answer 205

Urolith-forming male Miniature Schnauzers have excessive calciuresis, and the postprandial sampling time up to 8 hours is not critical. This simple urine measurement has potential as a marker of CaOx disease. Urolith formers had higher mean UCa to Cre over 8 hours. Cutoff value 0.06 - sensitivity 56% - specificity 93% =

Answer 206

Corgi and shetland sheepdogs - predisposed to primary CNS HS = inflammatory CSF. High TNCC and neoplastic cells may be seen in CSF. Prognosis poor. CNS HS - bernese - golden - rotties - corgi - shetland sheepdogs Rotties = exclusively disseminated Marked CSF inflammation supportive of primary rather than disseminated. Neoplastic cells in 52% of dogs. Increased N:L ratio in all groups compared to controls but not among tumor subtypes. Definitive tx = improved survival

Answer 207

Serum D-lactate higher in dogs with parvo comapred to control. Doesn't seem clinically relevant. No relationship between lactate and markers of CPV disease severity, acid base status or outcome. Lactate decreased over first 4d of treatment. Hospitalized for less than 4d = lower lactate at admission

Answer 208

Exposure to canine vector borne disease was found in proteinuric dogs - especially Rickettsia (19%), Ehrlichia (12%), and B. burgdorferi (9%) 34% exposed to at least 1 CVBD. Exposure lower when tested in spring or autumn. Exposure higher in intact dogs, dogs with lower albumin, and dogs with higher creat.