2021 JVIM ✔️ Flashcards

Question

Performance of lymph node cytopathology in diagnosis and characterization of lymphoma in dogs

Answer 1

Cytopathology may result in accurate diagnosis of lymphoma, but accuracy decreases when further characterization (B vs. T) is needed. Classification accuracy for lymphoma >80% >60% for low grade T cell >30% for high grade B cell > 20% high grade T cell < 40% low grade B cell

Answer 2

Optimized ACHES management can resolve SND (superficial necrolytic dermatitis) and HCH (hepatocutaneous associated hepatopathy) and confer long-term survival. 71% treated with IV AA 51% fed commercial diets 41% home cooked diets 78% tx with SAMe Median of 3 supplements 4 dogs HCH remission Overall all cause MST 359d Disease specific MST 557d Optimally tx dogs lived significantly longer (MST >1783d) than variably treated (MST 214d) Optimal tx = - >2 IV AA infusions - >3 nutritional supplements - home cooked diet

Answer 3

All patients received supportive care after identifying the OD and death was uncommon. Mitoxantrone + doxorubicin OD Error in prep = 9 Dose miscalc = 7 Median OD 1.9x prescribed amount Most identified immediately and hospitalized Average of 8d Adverse events - neutropenia 94% - thrombocytopenia 88% - anemia 63% - diarrhea 63% - anorexia 56% - vomiting 38% - lethargy 31% - nausea 25% 2 patients died High grade neutropenia common and not fixed by tx with filgrastim (neupogen). Neuopgen - treats neutropenia associated with chemo, granulocyte colony stimulating factor

Answer 4

Factors that might help predict outcome of 131I in hyperT cats - Age - sex - serum TSH concentration - bilateral and homogeneous 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake on scintigraphy - severity score - percent 131I uptake Cats with persistent hyperthyroidism had many predictive factors that directly contrasted those of cats that developed 131I-induced hypothyroidism. Iatrogenic HYPOTHYROIDISM more likely to be older, female, detectable TSH, bilateral nodules, homogenous + bilateral distribution of uptake, milder severity score, and higher I131 uptake. Persistently HYPERthyroid = younger, higher severity score, lower I131 uptake

Answer 5

Persistent leptospiruria is common despite treatment with abx. Follow-up urine PCR to confirm clearance of the organism is recommended in all dogs. In dogs with persistent leptospiruria, CKD can develop after AKI. 32 dogs dx lepto on urine PCR 15 dogs NEGATIVE urine PCR on first check in study - 5 tx only aminopenicillin 6 dogs NEGATIVE 2nd time 5 dogs NEGATIVE 3rd 5 dogs NEGATIVE 4th 1 dog NEGATIVE 8th AKI in all dogs 2/32 developed CKD

Answer 6

Demographic and geographic findings for Bartonella spp. exposure were broadly comparable to previously reported patterns. 6.1% seroreactive toy breeds less likely than mixed breeds dogs less than 1 less likely than dogs 1-5.5y West south central and South atlantic more likely to be seroreactive.

Answer 7

Low profile button tubes used in humans as possible e-tubes in dogs and cats. Eliminates external tubing, skin sutures, and bandaging. G-J tube = entire esophagus, higher risk of aspiration single port-J tube best, safest device. The LP (low profile) enteral feeding tubes from the human medical field can be successfully used as LP E-tubes in dogs and cats, offering superior patient comfort, with no obvious detriment to the patient and main drawback of higher cost.

Answer 8

Serial point-prevalence surveys (PPS) can estimate AU in a large specialty hospital setting and identify targets for antimicrobial stewardship. DOGS ABX USE inpatients 58% outpatients 24% CATS ABX USE inpatients 30% outpatients 15% DOG CLASS Pot. Penicillins 29% 1st gen Cephalosp 22% Nitroimidazoles 15% CAT CLASS Pot. Penicillins 27% Fluoroquinolones 14% Penicillins 12% Indications - skin - resp - GI - peri-op - aural - urinary

Answer 9

Treatment well tolerated but no significant advantage. Remission and survived = 10/11 treatment group 2/3 control volume pRBC tranfusion not significant between groups. Adverse reaction in 2 dogs, unsure if related to tx or disease.

Answer 10

Sedation with dexmed is associated with gallbladder wall thickening (> 2.0 mm) and peritoneal effusion that could be confused with pathologic etiologies. 24% client owned dogs developed thickening median dose 5mcg/kg developed within 20-40mins Research dogs - 50% in L lateral - 70% in dorsal Duration of sedation associated with thickening 5 dogs developed 9 instances of effusion

Answer 11

Atrial fibrillation was associated with a higher prevalence of SCD in dogs. A history of syncope may be a useful predictor of SCD risk. Younger age at diagnosis, larger left atrial size, and a history of syncope all were independent predictors of SCD in dogs with AF

Answer 12

Abx prescribed for aspiration despite confirming bacterial presence. Lack of routine BALF collection hampers recognition of bacterial infection in AP. 88% did NOT have BALF diagnosis of b-AP differed using vet (79%) vs. human (29%) med criteria Fever, band neutrophils, and high radiographic scores noted in dogs with and without b-AP Bacteria in BALF - not always pathogenic Humans - cytology not criteria for dx, intracellular bacteria need to be in higher quantities

Answer 13

Inappropriate ventricular-arterial coupling assessed based on echocardiographically-estimated arterial elastance to LV end systolic elastance ratio is associated with a worse PROGNOSIS in dogs with MMVD. Also associated with advanced SEVERITY of MMVD.

Answer 14

Decreased renal function has a clinically relevant impact on serum fTLI concentrations and potentially could interfere with a diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). fTLI above URI in 65% cats with CKD Serum fPLI concentration was not affected by experimentally induced CKD and thus serum fPLI may be used for the diagnosis of pancreatitis in cats with kidney disease. All cats fPLI in reference interval.

Answer 15

Evaluating - urinary GGT - urinary ALKP - heat shock protein 70 - IL6 - IL18 Non-azotemic dogs at risk of AKI recruited and biomarkers measured. Case fatality 18.6% 12.7% developed AKI - AKI associated with death All 5 biomarkers were higher in hospitalized dogs compared to controls. HSP70, GGT, IL6 to creat ratios were all higher in dogs which developed AKI. Elevated biomarker increased odds for AKI. Agreement between creat and SDMA was poor. Kidney injury was common, irrespective of subsequent worsening of azotemia or death. The predictive value of individual urinary biomarkers was reduced by moderate sensitivities and specificities. SDMA = moderate discriminatory utility for AKI - often discordant with sCr.

Answer 16

Peripheral arteriovenous anomalies in 2 dogs and 1 cat. - Limb edema - Dermal sanguineous crusting lesions - intermittent lameness Treatment - dominant outflow vein occlusion - via direct ligation - via retrograde transvenous glue embolization Resolution of AV shunting. CS resolved in all animals. No post-op complications or recurrence in any case during 6-55mo follow up.

Answer 17

Frunevetmab has the potential to address a critical gap in the treatment of pain because of osteoarthritis in cats. Significant improvement with solensia vs. placebo at day 28 and 56 based on owner opinion. Improvement day 56 and 84 for vet assessment of joint pain. Adverse events did not differ - except skin disorders more common in Solensia group. Frunevetmab = Solensia

Answer 18

IgG + PS may promote destruction of nRBCs in PIMA dogs. PS may promote destruction of RBCs in IMHA dogs.

Answer 19

Medical treatment can be effective for management of cholelithiasis in dogs, with clinical presentation and cholelith location playing important roles in treatment decision-making. Symptomatic cases had higher ALKP, GGT, ALT than incidental cases. Higher proportion of symptomatic cases (44%) had choledocholithiasis than did incidental cases. 70% surgically managed dogs had choledocholiths. Cholelithiasis completely resolved in - 4/8 medically treated - 5/7 of surgically treated - 1/2 non-treated dogs. MST 457.4 days - no significant difference between incidental and symptomatic dogs

Answer 20

The quantification of NCCs (nail cortisol concentrations) might improve ID of chronic stress in cats. The variability of HCCs (hair cortisol concentrations) in individual cats warrants caution using this measurement in chronic stress studies. Hair and nail cortisol concentrations were significantly associated. HCC varied widely between cats. Litterbox issues - higher NCC and HCC Groomed coats - lower HCC Dander and mats - higher NCC

Answer 21

Low grade T cell lymphoma = most common intestinal neoplasia in cats Most CS and labs are similar. More common with lymphoma - Male sex - duration of CS - polyphagia - rounded jejunal lymph node - abdominal effusion definitive diagnosis requires histopathologic and phenotypic assessment.

Answer 22

NME = pug dog encephalitis Advanced disease at presentation Rapid progression Poor response genetic risk based on DNA haplotype located on chromosome 12 = associated with altered cytokine concentrations and leukocyte subsets Haplotype frequency 30% High and medium risk - less CD4+ T cells - higher IL-10 Suggest an immunological underpinning to NME

Answer 23

Supports use of adjunctive radiation for the long-term control of incompletely or narrowly excised cutaneous and SC MCT in dogs. Moderate dose and fractionation protocols may be appropriate in the adjunctive treatment of low-risk MCT in dogs. Local recurrence rate similar despite treatment protocols - 6.6% recurrence @ median of 526d Local recurrence rate similar for high and low risk MCT. MCT related death 19% 13% low risk 29% high risk No SQ MCT recurred after radiation therapy. Only 7% death with SQ MCT Mild late toxicity with both protocols Severe late toxicity 1.9% dogs

Answer 24

Evaluated - pre-pill cortisol - before ACTH cortisol - post ACTH cortisol - endogenous ACTH - pre-pill / eACTH ratio - haptoglobin - ALT - GGT - ALKP - USG - uCortisol:Creat Of all the 12 variables, haptoglobin, and to a lesser degree ALT and GGT, could be considered additional tools to the clinical picture to identify well-controlled and under-controlled trilostane-treated dogs. Haptoglobin associated with clinical score. Cutoff 151 identified 90% (spec) of well controlled dogs and 65% undercontrolled dogs (sens) ALT and GGT higher in uncontrolled. Greater than cutoff 86 and 5.8 = poor control

Answer 25

6/8 dogs recovered or remission Drug well tolerated by 7 dogs 1 dog discontinued due to AE and hepatotoxicity. Posaconazole should be considered as a treatment option for dogs with refractory coccidioidomycosis. Monitoring of indicators of liver function or injury along with therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended to tailor dosage in the event of hepatic toxicosis.

Answer 26

BKLK - higher BUN, creat, WBC - lower HCT, USG, pH Ureteral obstruction non-survivors - Lower temp - Higher BUN and creat BUN + PHOS + temp = can predict 30d survival among UO cays An increase in the length difference between kidneys can indicate UO ureteral obstruction. Length difference correlated with BUN + creat but not survival in BKLK. 2mm tentative cutoff for UO 3mm via pyelogram on AUS other studies say 3.5mm cutoff = abnormal Renal pelvic size not correlated with creat. (or any value in this study).

Answer 27

Proof of concept for novel MRI sequence to detect neuronal currents. The proposed MRI method detected neuronal currents in dogs with epileptic seizures and represents a potential new line of research. IE = diagnosis of exclusion 11/12 dogs = rotary saturation effects were detected by the MRI sequence 4/5 control dogs did not show any rotary saturation effects.

Answer 28

46% younger than 2 57% >20kg radial compound muscle action potential (CMAP) higher for pets with clinical improvement - threshold 5mV = specificity 93% to predict recovery Electrodiagnostic studies, particularly measurement of radial CMAP amplitude, are valuable diagnostic tests to refine the prognosis of these animals.

Answer 29

FSL = FGMS Insulin given to induce hypoglycemia, then low BG was corrected. Measured before and q10min over 90mins. Compared to chem, portable BG, and FSL Portable BG = 81.7% agreement with analyzer FSL = 39% agreement with analyzer Unlikely to affect clinical outcome - 98% portable -80% FSL Limited agreement between the FGMS and reference standard BG measurements. The FGMS (measuring IG concentrations) was compared to peripheral BG concentrations, not brain-tissue glucose concentrations, and failed to reliably detect hypoglycemia.

Answer 30

Serotonin affects valvular degeneration. Dogs with MMVD - alterations in serotonin signaling. Maltese = 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms in serotonin transporter gene are associated with MMVD. NO polymorphisms noted in CKCS. Serotonin associated with PLT count but not MMVD severity, age, or therapy. These SNPs are unlikely to be associated with MMVD pathophysiology or serum 5-HT concentration in CKCS. High Performance Liquid Chromatography and ELISA serum 5-HT demonstrated good correlation but ELISA systematically underestimated 5-HT.

Answer 31

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency often causes minimal to no sonographic pancreatic changes. Nonetheless, the findings of thin pancreatic parenchyma, pancreatic duct dilatation, or diffuse small intestinal dilatation with echogenic contents in cats with unexplained weight loss or unformed feces should raise clinical suspicion for EPI. Most common CS = weight loss 70% Chronic enteropathy = most common comorbidity 60% 39% = minimal to no changes. Pancreatic duct dilation (>2.5mm) + tortuosity seen in 46%. Relationship between thin parenchyma and increased pancreatic duct: pancreatic thickness ratio.

Answer 32

Administration of NSAID or glucocorticoid and gastrointestinal neoplasia or mechanical disease were associated with GUE in dogs. Working dogs predisposed compared to MBD.

Answer 33

Once-daily omeprazole does not markedly increase appetite in cats with CKD and should not be used as a first-line treatment in the absence of evidence of gastrointestinal ulceration. Negligible but statistically significant difference in percentage of food consumed = 2.7% No difference in appetite score, BW, or creatinine.

Answer 34

Hyperthyroid cats - altered hemostasis that does not appear to be solely attributable to cardiac abnormalities, but no evidence of a hypercoagulable state. Findings suggest altered hemostasis resolves after RIT (radioactive iodine treatment). Hyperthyroid cats could have endothelial dysfunction as indicated by increased vWF : Ag (von willebrand factor antigen) which could potentiate thrombogenesis. Higher fibrinogen concentrations Higher vWF:AG All results decreased post I131. Not more likely to be hypercoagulable. T4 not a predictor of hypercoagulability.

Answer 35

Choledochal stenting was an effective treatment modality in cats with EHBO with few procedural complications and potential for prolonged survival, but substantial risk for recurrence of EHBO was identified. age 10.1y at least 2 clinical signs - vomiting 90% - inappetence 86% - lethargy 82% CS improved in 75% cats bilirubin decreased in 70% cats 78% survival to discharge Recurrence 40% - cholelithiasis associated with recurrence MST 931d for cats surviving to discharge Absence of ascites - associated with survival

Answer 36

Protein and P restriction in cats with CKD. Adequate restriction levels for early stage not developed. Feeding low P + P - creat decreased to within reference range after 6mo - increase in total calcium and FGF23 after 17mos Feeding med P + P - creat, Ca, phos remained in normal range and did not significantly change - FGF23 decreased Cats with early CKD developed hypercalcemia after long-term feeding of a highly P-restricted diet. Increasing dietary P and reducing Ca : P ratio maintained renal markers, while improving Ca-P balance. Cats with early CKD could benefit from moderately protein- and P-restricted diets.

Answer 37

Similar findings for PO and SQ. Administration route did not affect % uptake in euthyroid cats. Small sample size.

Answer 38

onset of CS = 8.3y myoclonic episodes = initial symptom seizures 39% initially, 43% later coordination deficits 84% impaired vision 58% impaired hearing 50% mental decline - accidents 32% - difficulties performing learned tasks 36% behavioral changes Photosensitivity 77% staring into space 64% reduced stress resistance 58% Noise sensitivity 54% separation anxiety 44% at time of writing 21 dogs alive (11.9y) 7 dead (12.1y) Lafora disease in Beagles causes significant behavioral changes, and mental decline as well as neurological deficits in addition to myoclonic episodes and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Nevertheless, a relatively normal life span can be expected. Lafora disease is a neurological storage disease caused by an autosomal recessive genetic defect resulting in myoclonus as well as focal and generalized seizures.

Answer 39

HMGB1 - potential biomarker for diagnosing IBD - might be indicative of HISTOpathologic severity Serum CRP - might be an indicator of CLINICAL severity - correlated with CIBDAI IBD higher CRP and HMGB1

Answer 40

Surgery site seromas - 6 dogs No other surgical complications 14 dogs reached 1.5mA median time to 1.5mA = 72d slow and 77d fast Average visits - 6 for slow ramping - 3 for fast ramping Coughing - most common AE - worse in fast ramping group Coughing is a common adverse effect of VNS in dogs and generally is well tolerated, particularly if current is increased slowly and other stimulation parameters are adapted for effect. Implantable vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) devices can be used to treat epilepsy in dogs.

Answer 41

Serum pNF-H is a promising biomarker for antemortem diagnosis of PMM (progressive myelomalacia) in dogs with acute, severe thoracolumbar myelopathy secondary to Type I IVDH. Concentration not different between deep pain negative dogs that did or did not recover. Dogs that developed PMM higher pNF-H after surgery - cutoff >31.39 ng/mL = 83% sensitive, 100% specific

Answer 42

The presence of multiple corticosteroid abnormalities should be considered in cats with aldosterone secreting adrenal tumors, especially those with concurrent diabetes mellitus. Both surgical and medical management can result in long-term survival, although diabetic remission was documented only in cats undergoing adrenalectomy. adrenal neoplasia --> primary hyperaldosteronism all cats had DM, hypokalemia High corticosterone in all 3 cats when it was measured Unilateral adrenal tumors in 10, with contralateral atrophy in 5 cases 3/4 cases developed Addison's after adrenalectomy 3 cats achieved DM remission after sx. 2 cats with sx >1y survival 1 cat with sx survived 6.5mo 2 cats with med management >1y

Answer 43

Specific AA biomarkers provide additional diagnostic utility in ACHES. Data suggests that HCH (hepatocutaneous associated hepatopathy) is an early stage, and SND a later stage manifestation of ACHES. HCS - SND - hepatocutaneous hepatopathy - aminoaciduria - hypoaminoacidemia 73% developed SND at some time point Fulminant skin lesions at diagnosis (54%) had lower HCT and MCV. Biomarkers - serum 1-methylhistidine - serum cystathionine - urine lysine - urine methionine

Answer 44

Results support a medical dissolution trial for dogs with suspected struvite cystoliths. If no reduction in urolith size or number occurs by 1 month, a nonstruvite composition is likely, and alternative interventions should be considered. Obstructions should not be considered candidates for medical dissolution. Full dissolution in 58% within 35d. Some other dogs had partial dissolution, none, or undetermined outcome. Uroliths with >10% non-struvite composition more likely in non-success group. Max diameter, #, and baseline urine pH did not differ between dogs with or without success. Dissolution more likely in dogs receiving ABX. AE 18% - obstruction most common but 3/4 were already obstructed

Answer 45

Gastroscopy = gold standard for early diagnosis of gastric ulcerations in dogs Gastrin is a good indicator for meloxicam-induced gastric ulcers in dogs and can predict the gastroscopic score of the lesion. Differences between control and meloxicam treated in serum gastrin, hematology, and image analysis. Meloxicam treated - decrease in HGB, RBC, PCV - increase in gastrin, ulcer index, and images Correlation between images and gastrin / ulcer area.

Answer 46

Admin of desmopressin + prednisolone = - decreased water intake - decreased sodium - increased USG Desmopressin may ameliorate AE of prednisolone. 6/7 dogs became polydipsic on pred.

Answer 47

Cervical scoliosis reported in dogs with Chairi and syringomyelia. 9mo flat coated retriever presented with acute onset of cervical scoliosis. MRI = focal, poorly defined intramedullary lesion within cervical spinal cord CSF = mononuclear pleocytosis DX: meningomyelitis of unknown etiology 3y FS GSD acute onset cervical scoliosis with mild proprioceptive ataxia. After being treated for SRMA. MRI = similar intramedullary lesion CSF = neutrophilic pleocytosis Treated with pred and cytosar Resolution of scoliosis Acquired, acute onset, reversible secondary to immune mediated disease.

Answer 48

CEUS - assess vascularity, vessel density, perfusion Duodenum - typical perfusion pattern in all dogs Qualitative assessment - no differences in disease vs. healthy or pre- vs. post- treatment. Peak intensity and AUC differed between healthy and affected. No significant difference in perfusion parameters before and after treatment. CEUS discriminates between IBD affected dogs and healthy dogs by evaluation of time-intensity curves, but did not provide useful information for monitoring therapeutic response.

Answer 49

Adjusted calcium as a surrogate for iCa. Low aCa = useful to detect ionized hypocalcemia in hypoalbuminemic non-hyperphosphatemic dogs. A normal aCa indicated that moderate ionized hypocalcemia was unlikely.

Answer 50

FGF-23 increased first in a sequence of changes with CKD. FGF-23 greater than 528pg/mL = shorter time to hyperphosphatemia and CKD progression. Increased FGF-23 concentration in normophosphatemic dogs with CKD was associated with significant risk of development of hyperphosphatemia, independent of CKD stage, and of the progression of CKD.

Answer 51

2y MN Ragdoll 1y hx of sneezing and nasal discharge Large SQ cervical mass = retropharyngeal LN R orbital mass Destructive sino-nasal disease Pulmonary nodules Aspergillus felis cultured from LN TX: posiconazole and amphotericin B, added capsiofungin Resolution of LN and orbital mass but nasal disease and pulmonary nodules persisted Euth 14mos after dx due to dysphagia and progressive exophthalmos Meningial granuloma post-mortem Disseminated disease secondary to invasive fungal rhino-sinusitis.

Answer 52

Median age 7 Seizures = common presenting sign Lesions - granulomatous form (more common) - diffuse in caudate nuclei and frontal lobes All dogs with follow up serology had a reduction. Median duration of follow up = 16mos 82% alive at >1y post diagnosis Better prognosis than previously reported.

Answer 53

DM similar to ALS in humans. Brain micro-structural lesions are quantified using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in ALS patients. DTI indices did not differentiate DM-affected from control, detect longitudinal changes, or differentiate severity. DTI = not helpful

Answer 54

Decrease in tx duration Increased use of first-line drugs main concerns triggering abx use - sporadic bacterial cystitis - recurrent bacterial cystitis - pyelonephritis Sporadic = - Clavamox 41% - Cefpodoxime 16% - Amoxicillin 13% - median prescribed duration 12d - shorter durations, good news Recurrent = - Clavamox 33% - Marbo 21% - Cefpodoxime 14% - median duration 14d Pyelonephritis - Clavamox 26% - Marbo 17% - Enro 11% - combo 29% - median duration 14d

Answer 55

Unknown ideal dose for ACEi in cardiac disease. mean OG dose 0.84mg/kg/day - 75% q12 dosing - with no clinically relevant changes in bw or BP between 1st and 2nd visit Higher ACEi dose associated with increased survival q12 dosing and higher K = predictive of 2y survival well tolerated = 5.6% needed dose reduction or d/c due to AE q12 dosing may optimize benefits of ACEi in cardiac patients

Answer 56

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN) - genetic disorders - affect peripheral NS - border collie varriant - spaniel/pointer varriant 2 related litters - five 7mo old MBD 2 mo hx of acral mutilation and pelvic limb gait abnormalities RETREG1 missense varriant = reticulophagy regulator 1 gene HOMOZYGOUS progressive disease

Answer 57

Rasamsonia - non-pigmented filamentous mold Presenting complaints non-specific - anorexia - back pain 5/8 = GSD 6/8 = multifocal discospondylitis 2/8 = pleural effusion 6 dogs = Rasamsonia piperina 2 dogs = R. argillacea Rasamsonia in 5/7 urine cultures 5/6 dogs positive Aspergillus galactomannan antigen EIA results MST 82d MST 317 if survived to discharge 4 died during hospitalization Low minimum effective concentration to echinocandins Variable MIC to azoles MULTISYSTEMIC

Answer 58

Hallmarks of Lymphoma - monomorphic lymphocytic population (100%) - in-depth mucosal infiltration (68%) Epithelial nests and plaques more common in lymphoma (50%) CD3+ lymphocytic apical to basal gradient seen in lymphoma (44%) Most ENTERITIS - marked lamina propria fibrosis Lymphoma - CD3+ - pSTAT3- - pSTAT 5+ T cell receptor gamma chain gene rearrangements = monoclonal in 86% of lymphoma Enteritis cases also had monoclonality to some degree

Answer 59

cTnI concentrations higher in IE compared to preclinical MMVD or immune mediated disease > 0.625ng/mL supportive of IE - 100% specificity - 52% sensitivity No association between cTnI and survival

Answer 60

Algorithm for calculating individual 131I doses resulted in cure rates similar to historical treatment rates, despite much lower 131I doses. Algorithm lowers prevalence of both 131I-induced overt hypothyroidism and azotemia. median dose I131 = 1.9mCi many cays required additional administration on day 2 75% became euthyroid 4.1% overtly hypothyroid 17% subclinical hypothyroid 4% hyperthyroid More cats that became hypothyroid developed azotemia than euthyroid cats.

Answer 61

Anticholinesterase drug used to treat 96% dogs - other drugs = immunomodulators - 67% sole drug Clinical remission - no CS after stopping treatment - 31% Clinical response - no CS with tx - 15% Clinical improvement 26% No clinical improvement 29% Immunologic remission in 59% dogs - all with immunologic remission achieved clinical remission Younger, comborbid endocrine disease = associated with clinical remission Initial AChR AB concentration and regurgitation = negatively associated with remission Remission less likely in older dogs, those with regurg, and higher AB titers.

Answer 62

Progesterone and corticosterone abnormalities = strongly correlated Higher aldosterone concentrations = higher progesterone and corticosterone Cortisol lower in cats with higher aldosterone. Multiple corticosteroid abnormalities occur in a subset of cats with hyperaldosteronism. Magnitude of abnormal hormones likely relevant.

Answer 63

3D US = helpful Daily urine residual volume >0.4mL/kg in 22/25 dogs at least once during hospitalization. 16/18 dogs anesthetized, urine residual volume >0.4mL/kg with mean of 4.34mL/kg. No statistical difference in degree of urine residual volume and - anesthesia - opioids - IV fluids Weight associated with URV in dogs - less than 10kg, higher residual volume per unit mass Urine retention occurs, measuring volume may help prevent AE of u caths and prolong urinary retention.

Answer 64

vitamin D metabolism / vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism might play a role in CaOx stone formation in dogs distribution of the rs852900542 polymorphism was significantly different between control dogs and those with CaOx. CC or CT genotype had increased risk as opposed to TT TT genotype had lower urinary Ca:creat ratio than CC or CT genotypes. Vitamin D concentrations did not differ between groups.

Answer 65

Arterial spin labeling = MRI technique for brain perfusion feasibility of ASL at 1.5 tesla Overall success rate of 95% in animals with normal brain MRI may be helpful in characterization of brain disease measuring brain perfusion is helpful in differentiating diseases in humans Microchip artifact Imaging slab position = important quality factor

Answer 66

2y FS DSH presenting for progressive neurologic signs involving prosencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem MRI - multifocal, bilateral, symmetrical lesions with strong contrast enhancement demyelination, necrotic lesions, spongiosis, and neuropil edema reactive astrogliosis and neovascularization mitochondrial polymorphism tRNA-LEU(uur) gene = selective symmetric necrotizing encephalopathy secondary to mitochondrial DNA pathogenesis

Answer 67

AHDS - marked changes in fecal microbiotia Increased Providencia spp. and C. perfringens - P. alcalifaciens Decreased Firmicutes Outgrowth of Proteobacteria Decreased intestinal diversity in AHDS No Providencia in healthy

Answer 68

Decreased incidence of atopy - Raw based animal foods - human meal leftovers - fish oil supplements - >20% raw - <80% dry Increased incidence - Fruits - mixed oil supplements - dried animal parts (heat processed) - drink from puddles

Answer 69

More calculi detected via CT vs. US regardless of localization. More ureters affected on CT Bilateral more common on CT calculi detected different in proximal and distal ureteral region on CT vs. AUS Always associated with calculi - Pelvic dilation >5mm - Max ureteral diameter >3mm CT HELPFUL

Answer 70

Non-ortho lameness - nerve sheath tumor - disc associated - thrombosis 9y MBD MN presenting for non-weight bearing thoracic limb lameness - atrophied limb - cool paw pads - painful axilla MRI, CT, explore sx - chronic thrombus in the right brachial artery No underlying cause determined Managed long term with clopidogrel and rivaroxaban US follow up - early re-modeling

Answer 71

cPLI and possibly CRP = objective biomarkers for clinical changes in hospitalized dogs with AP. Modified canine activity index (MCAI) - significantly different in survivors Canine acute pancreatitis clinical severity index (CAPCSI) - not associated cPLI and CRP positively correlated with MCAI

Answer 72

Insulin degludec and insulin glargine 300 given q12 = lower day to day variability Lower variability = may minimize monitoring requirements without increasing risk of hypoglycemia Measured porcine lente (vetsulin), degludec, glargine 300 q12 and q24 no difference in day to day variability with q24 administration Higher variability for vetsulin q12 Glycemic variation percentage lower for vetsulin than glargine 300 No difference in % time less than 70 between insulins.

Answer 73

Percentages of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ PBL and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were altered in MMVD dogs with congestive heart failure (ACVIM C, D), but not in ACVIM B2, suggesting involvement of these PBL subtypes in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure in dogs with MMVD. CD3+CD4+ lymphs % lower in stable ACVIM C and unstable ACVIM C/D. CD3+CD8+ lymphs % higher in stable ACVIM C and unstable ACVIM C/D CD3+/CD8+ lymph concentration higher in unstable C/D CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+ ratio lower in stable ACVIM C and unstable ACVIM C/D compared to contol HIGHER - CD3+CD8+ % and concentration LOWER - CD3+CD4+ % - Ratio

Answer 74

GI most common AE - 25% Hematologic and dermatologic in few neutropenia 4% anemia 4% thrombocytopenia 4% derm 1.5% median starting dose 17.5mg/kg/day median tx duration 56d No significant difference regarding AE in comparison to sex, age, BW, or dose

Answer 75

Dogs with IE receiving AED have lower activity levels. (18% lower) No difference in sleep scored compared to controls. Pheno + KBr = largest decrease in activity (28%) Higher doses KBr may affect nocturnal activity

Answer 76

Carboplatin - alternative to dox Increasing post-op monocyte counts might be associated with worse prognosis. MST - 160d in carbo group - 139 in doxo group MST for dogs whose monocyte counts decreased between splenectomy and chemotherapy 265d. VERSUS 66 days for dogs with increased monocytes.

Answer 77

2 lab littermates microcytosis inappropriate metarubricytosis muscle atropy Similar syndrome in English Springer Spaniels - but this group had cardiac disease Low morbidity syndrome Recognition may decrease unnecessary testing or euth. ESS group - possible mutation for gene encoding a skeletal membrane protein in RBC and muscle (spectrin) vs. other. ESS euth but not clinically ill Tx in this case - manage megaesophagus Did not significantly impact QOL.

Answer 78

Evaluate FSL = flash glucose monitoring system In outpatient cats with DM, the FSL interstitial glucose correlated well with automated chem analyzer measured blood glucose - excellent correlation - FSL and POC glucometer correlated High rate of sensor failures or displacement (80%)

Answer 79

Robenacoxib was not associated with increased risk of AEs compared to placebo when administered for 4 to 12 weeks to cats with CMSD. Study did not include severe or uncontrolled co-morbidities. relative risk of at least 1 AE = 1.15 cats with 1 or more AE not significantly different between NSAID and control Higher serum creat in NSAID group but no clinical AE Cats with CKD - relative risk of at least 1 AE was 1.09

Answer 80

Insulin fused with feline immunoglobulin fragment crystallizable (Fc) has an ultra-long plasma half-life because it recycles through cells where it is protected from proteolysis. Successful control of CS and maintenance of glycemia with once weekly tx 7 weeks of once weekly injections - previously controlled with glargine transitioned to weekly AKS-267c - no change in CS, bw, fructosamine, or mean IG concentrations No adverse reactions

Answer 81

Mucoceles - changes in TEG supporting a hypercoagulable state - plasma based coag testing suggests complex state of hemostasis TEG = 83% hypercoagulable Increased total protein C activity 87% Increased fibrinogen 39% Increased platelet count 39% Increased d-dimers 40% PTT prolongation 41% low vWF 24% No correlation between TEG G value, coag parameters, clin path, US stage, or disease severity as assessed by presence of SIRS

Answer 82

There was no evidence of EPI as evaluated using cTLI in this cohort of diabetic dogs Concurrent increases in cPLI suggest cTLI might not be the optimal indicator of exocrine pancreatic dysfunction in dogs with DM. cTLI not different in diabetics vs. control - even when excluding dogs with panc no correlation between cTLI and DM duration

Answer 83

There is still a need for authors, peer-reviewers, and editors to follow reporting guidelines such as CONSORT to maximize the value of clinical trials and to increase confidence in the validity of the trial results.

Answer 84

Lobar emphysema - due to bronchial collapse during expiration and subsequent air trapping - congenital causes - neoplastic compression Morbidity from hyperinflation and compression of adjacent thoracic structures Lung lobe hyperinflation, atelectasis of nonaffected lung lobes, mediastinal shift, and thoracic wall and diaphragmatic wall deformation were common findings. 59% presented for dyspnea 35% presenting for coughing 65% younger than 3 Right middle lung 71% Multiple lobes 41% Congenital suspected in 82% Although radiography is useful, CT provides better detail. In older patients, acquired causes of bronchial compression should be considered.

Answer 85

Congenital maljunction of CBD and main pancreatic duct = pancreatobiliary maljunction - known cause of cholecystitis Pancreatic enzyme activity in the bile is a diagnostic marker for pancreatobiliary maljunction. CBD straight in all case Cystic duct variably tortuous / dilated Amylase activity lower in bile than serum Cats with CBD to CD ratio >3.4= = higher amylase in bile CONCLUSION Dilated CD associated with reflux of pancreatic juice.

Answer 86

Glioma - poor outcome No association between clinpath findings or survival and tumor type or grade. Definitive tx improves MST 85d Palliative 26d oligodendrogliomas -associated with smooth margins and T1-weighted hypointensity compared to astrocytoma / undefined oligodendroglioma - more commonly in contact with ventricle Spread to neighboring structures = more likely high grade

Answer 87

Adverse food rxn - common derm problem The therapeutic test food (derm Complete) was well-accepted and efficacious in managing signs of adverse reactions to food compared to baseline as well as compared to the positive control food (RC Ultamino). All results similar between groups for canine atopic dermatitis lesion index, pruritus score, owner satisfaction, activity, and questionaire data. Hair dullness, brittleness, dandruff, feces quality, and food acceptance positive results and similar between groups.

Answer 88

The therapeutic test food was well-accepted and efficacious in managing signs of adverse reactions to food compared to baseline as well as compared to the positive control food.

Answer 89

neurofilament light chain (NFLs) - neuron specific cytoskeletal protein expressed in axons damaged axons release NFLs NFL - potential biomarker for diagnosing MUE and evaluating response to tx NFL concentration higher in MUE dogs - cutoff 41.5 (serum) and 4005 (CSF) for differentiating healthy vs. MUE - sens and spec higher than 90% for all NFL concentration - decreased in good treatment response group - increased in poor response group

Answer 90

Primary erythrocytosis - rare myeloproliferative neoplasm in cats Tx: phlebotomy and chemo Onion powder to produce Heinz-body erythrocyte destruction

Answer 91

Standard (2.2 = control) vs. low dose (1.1 = test) DOCP q30d Mean Na:K ratios >32 in both throughout study No dogs developed clinical electrolyte abnormalities - hypokalemia in 9 controls and 6 test pops USG lower in control Renin over-suppressed in 80% control and 20% test Low dose DOCP - safe and effective Standard dose - biochem evidence of overtreatment

Answer 92

Korean dogs required higher trilostane doses than other locations Possibly due to compounded trilostane? Clinicians should be aware that compounding trilostane into packets fails to consistently provide measured amounts of trilostane, potentially interfering with response to treatment for NOH in dogs. only 40% had appropriate amounts when tested

Answer 93

78% neoplastic samples 92% inflammatory samples 20% control Neoplastic vs. inflammatory not significantly different Much different from control Gliomas and choroid plexus tumors - higher VEGF than control Possible biomarker for neoplastic and inflammatory disease

Answer 94

CHLORIDE The observed association between chloride and diuretic doses suggests that hypochloremia could serve as a marker of disease severity and therapeutic response in dogs with acute CHF. Most common electrolyte abnormality - hypochloremia (24%) negative correlation between chloride at admission and furosemide doses at discharge and at end stage heart failure. No hazards ratio between duration of hospitalization or survival time for any electrolyte

Answer 95

60% of doses administered differed between 10-20% prescribed dose variability in the residual and actual administered activity of I-131 as compared to the prescribed dose, which should be taken into consideration when treating cats with (predrawn) I-131

Answer 96

Triglycerides normalized in all dogs. Dose at max improvement = 6.4mg/kg PO q24 Time to max improvement - 3 weeks in 4 dogs - 6 weeks in 4 dogs - 9 weeks in 2 dogs Cholesterol decreased in 9 out of 10 dogs AE: quiet demeanor, firm stools in 1 dog Significantly reduced ALKP Effective in management of hyperlipidemia

Answer 97

Absence of pain - prognostic CRP did not predict outcome after surgery in dogs with paraplegia secondary to IVDE.

Answer 98

Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM-1), VEGF, Ang-2 = do not discriminate lepto vs. non-lepto AKI sICAM-1 and VEGF predict outcome - higher in non-survivors sICAM-1 may identify dogs at risk for pulm hemorrhage

Answer 99

Norwich terrier upper airway syndrome - larynx abnormalities - similar but different to BOAS - normal nares and palate but excessive supraglottic tissue - narrows laryngeal opening ADAMTS3 gene mutation - causes lymphangiogenesis and lymphedema Despite severity, excellent QOL reported Age range 0.5 to 10.7y - median 4.75 - no correlation between age and severity score Surgery in 15 - sx tx = higher severity score 81% QOL score <3 Worse scores in those with sx age at follow up associated with worse QOL

Answer 100

gabapentin penetration in vitro and in vivo all samples had gabapentin sig differences in concentration from day 1 to 5 significant differences in pain score from - predose to d5 - d1 to d5 No difference in pain score from predose to day 8 Viable option

Answer 101

5y MN Giant Schnauzer presenting for anterior uveitis, peripheral lymphadenopathy, hyperglobulinemia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia dx mycoleptodiscus on histopath and PCR tx itraconazole and terbinafine organism unable to be identified 7mo after treatment Systemic disease in immunocompetent dog Mycoleptodiscus indicus - dematiaceous hypomycete fungus that is a common plant panthogen - typically opportunistic pathogen causing cutaneous or SQ lesions

Answer 102

Very common - 92% in study group mean number of PF = 2.8 48% dorsally 37% caudally 14% laterally dogs with chiari/syringomyelia clinical signs had more numerous and larger PF

Answer 103

Spiro + Benaz is effective, safe, and superior to benazepril alone Combo treatment - lower percent reached cardiac endpoint - lower risk of dying or worsening from cardiac causes Adverse effects rare and equal between groups

Answer 104

Dogs with hepatic copper may also have higher hepatic lead levels. Hepatic lead may lead to microcytosis. Median Cu 357 Median Pb = 58.7 Median lead was higher in the high copper group Lead accumulation was not correlated with necroinflammatory or fibrosis score.

Answer 105

Subjective data (caregiver reports) may not be reliable enough to determine true seizure frequency given the discrepancy with EEG-confirmed seizure frequency.

Answer 106

More aggressive disease - Boxers (mst 178d) - high Ki67 (mst 173d) Variable clinical course MST 300d Shorter survival - High lymphocyte count (>60k) - clinical signs

Answer 107

40% euthyroid without further treatment weight normalized i131 dose and TT4 variables were predictive of tx failure TT5 >150nmol/L at discharge = all failed tx 40-100 = 32% failed 100-150 = 58% failed of failed cats - medical manage - thyroidectomy - 14 repeat i131 tx = 86% success - no further tx

Answer 108

Doxepin did not improve any measures of QOL - anecdotally used to tx 2 groups did not differ at baseline doxepin group reported more ataxia at 28d - placebo group reported better QOL

Answer 109

29 capsules PO 11 capsules endoscopically 1 capsule not retrieved 24/39 recording = bleeding lesions Quality of visualization poor in stomach / colon Adequate to good in SI incomplete study in 15/39 - more common after oral administration Risk factors for incomplete study - simethicone - opioids - chronic enteropathy - capsule gastric transit time >6h

Answer 110

healthy cats in GP - positive POC NT-proBNP associated with heart disease = warrants echo - negative results do not reliably exclude heart disease Not an effective screening test Performance improved if used only in cats with heart murmur all cats sensitivity 43% specificity 96% heart murmur cats sensitivity 71% specificity 92%

Answer 111

T. cruzi = myocarditis Chagas diseae ECG abnormalities (41 dogs) - ventricular arrhythmia (28 dogs) - AV block (15 dogs) Chamber enlargement (28 dogs) - RV (15 dogs) - LA (12 dogs) Troponin >2x reference range in 56% Associated with decreased survival time (univariate) - ventricular arrhyth. - AVB - RV enlargement Multivariate - RV enlargement - higher BW at presentation Cardiac abnormalities common and variable

Answer 112

Reticulated platelets released in response to vincristine administration function similarly to mature platelets. relative to saline - increased platelets day 0 vs. 7 - increased reticulated platelet day 0 to 5 Reticulated platelets higher resting CD62P than mature platelets CD62P = helps monitor activation responses of platelets CD62P expression in vinc vs. saline group not different when unstimulated or thrombin stimulated Vinc dogs did more commonly become neutropenic / leukopenic than control (50%)

Answer 113

Good agreement between IG and BG After IV dose of glucose - BG increases rapidly while IG increases slowly The FGMS did not fulfill ISO requirements but is sufficiently accurate for glucose monitoring in cats, while considering the lag between IG and BG during periods of rapid changes in BG.

Answer 114

Doses less than 2U - pens more accurate (JuniorSTAR and VetPen) Delivering 8U and 16U more accurate with U40 syringes All pens - less than intended dose Underdose is inversely proportional to insulin dose Difference between intended and delivered dose not significantly different using - JuniorSTAR and VetPEN 0.5-8 at doses 0.5, 1, 2, 4U - 30U/0.3mL at 4U - 40U/mL at 4, 8, 16U Precision increased with increasing doses of insulin Coefficient of variation - less than 8% for all pens tested - 30U/0.3mL = 12% - 40U/mL 9%

Answer 115

** urine loss of calcium and hyperphosphatemia = adrenal secondary hyperparathyroidism ** hypercortisolism - higher phosphate - higher fractional excretion of calcium - higher serum whole PTH Concentrations that did not differ - total Ca - iCa - calcitriol - fractional excretion of phosphorus lower in dogs with hypercortisolism - 25-(OH)D - FGF-23

Answer 116

Treatment response - at 1mo = 70% - at 3mo = 68% - at 6mo = 80% - at 12mo = 60% No significant changes in creat, K, or arterial BP AE: mild GI 2 dogs - azotemia before first follow up

Answer 117

Most common - calcium oxalate (47%) - struvite (44%) Decrease in proportion of CaOx and increase in cystine Significant non-linear increase in cystine - 2.7% total submissions between 2006-18 - 1.4% in 2006 - 8.7% in 2018 70.3% cystine stones from intact male dogs Age, breed, sex predispositions similar to those previously identified.

Answer 118

7 frenchies 1 chihuahua MUE - 2 dogs Extra-cranial inflammation in 2 dogs (asp pneumonia, esophagitis, otitis media) No abnormalities - 4 dogs Prednisolone used in all dogs Imipramine - 6 dogs Cytosar - 2 dogs Initial remission in all dogs Relapse in 4 and 3 responded to tx again Cataplexy should trigger neuro and systemic workup

Answer 119

NO clinical advantage to using leukoreduced pRBC vs. non in terms of transfusion reactions and increase in PCV. AVG change @ 12h - LR 10.69% - NLR 9.22% Transfusion rxn = 8% - mild allergic 0.5% - febrile non-hemolytic 7% - not significantly different between groups Dogs that survived not different between groups

Answer 120

Low probability of detecting blood borne pathogen in blood units - positive units do exist 0.56% AB positive for Anaplasma 0% AB positive for Ehrlichia 1.1% PCR positive to a pathogen (tested for anaplasma, bartonella, brucella, mycoplasma) Babesia, ehrlichia, leishmania = not detected Units from first blood collection - higher odds of PCR positive

Answer 121

Most important research priorities - new drugs - improving existing management Increased interest in behavior and dietary interventions Disagreement between priorities in groups - owners prioritized dog QOL - DR prioritized clinical issues and long term preventative and management strategies

Answer 122

Feasible procedure Promoted stable disease (62%) or partial response (23%)= 85% total Progressive disease 15% at median of 74d after treatment Median tumor volume decreased by 13% Mild complications 26% Major complications 11% - hepatic abscess / septicemia (2) - cholecystitis / death (1) 7% treatment induced death MST after treatment 337d Presenting complaint of weight loss = shorter survival time (126d) than those without (582d)

Answer 123

10y FS MBD presenting for vomiting and diarrhea found an intracardiac mass endomyocardial bx forceps introduced to obtain biopsies histopathology and IHC = paraganglioma Tx 1 fraction of radiation + elspar PTE 2 days post tx Elected humane euthanasia

Answer 124

6y MN GSD presenting for obtundation, blindness, bilateral exopthalamos MRI - AV malformation Liquid embolization via injection of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer at the maxillary and internal carotid arteries No complications and discharged next day Bilateral enucleation due to exposure keratopathy 31mos post procedure - doing well clinically at home

Answer 125

Significant decrease in calcium oxalate uroliths - from 50% to 37% Struvites increased - from 41% to 55% CaOx higher proportion in upper urinary tract compared to other types Urate third at 9% Sex and age predispositions similar to previously reported

Answer 126

Post-prandial - more sensitive, less specific for diagnosis of liver disease Dogs in all categories of liver disease with resting bile acids less than 10 and greater than 90 Resting bile acids highest in dogs with cirrhosis and congenital circulatory anomalies Highest post-prandial = congenital circulatory anomalies and chronic hepatitis Sensitivity of post-prandial highest for cholangitis and congenital circulatory anomalies Specificity for all diseases of resting (49%) and post-prandial (29%)

Answer 127

pSTAT3 = upregulated in chronic enteropathy dogs, correlates with clinical severity Steroid responsive (SRE) PLE Food responsive (FRE) a Villus epithelium = higher SRE + PLE Villus lamina propria = higher SRE Crypt epithelium = higher in all Lamina propria crypt region = higher FRE + SRE Positive correlation between chronic enteropathy clinical activity index and pSTAT3 for epithelial and crypt regions

Answer 128

Schistosomiasis = Heterobilharzia Low dose protocol may be effective for asymptomatic management in some dogs Fecal saline sedimentation (FSS) and fecal PCR (FPCR) may be discrepant - fecal PCR = positive more frequently Protocol: praziquantel 5mg/kg PO q8 for 2days fenbendazole 24mg/kg PO q24 for 7days day 30 = 10/12 dogs negative FSS and 3/12 dogs negative FPCR day 60 = 12/12 negative FSS and 8/12 negative FPCR day 90 = 12/12 negative FSS but 5/12 positive FPCR (including 2 dogs tat were negative by day 60) 3 positive on FPCR @ day 60 retreated = then became FSS and FPCR negative AE - increased ALKP - hypercalcemia - diarrhea

Answer 129

MINE score for severity based on echo classification Clinically relevant bc associated with survival Mild MST 2344d Moderate MST 1882d Severe MST 623d Late stage MST 157d MINE score >8 predictive of cardiac death - sensitivity 87% - specificity 73% All echocardiographic variables of MINE score are independent predictors of death bc of heart disease - LA:Ao - LV end diastolic diameter normalized for BW - FS - E-wave transmitral peak velocity

Answer 130

Medical treatment does not improve the BCAA to AAA ratio in dogs with extrahepatic PSS despite substantial clinical improvement. Ratio decreases after EH PSS closure, still indicative of moderate to severe hepatic dysfunction in all dogs Median BCAA-AAA ratio - low (0.6) at time of dx - low (0.5) at time of sx - higher (1.5) 3mos post sx Despite neuro score improving after starting medical treatment - no difference in BCAA-AAA

Answer 131

2y MN DSH acute onset lethargy, hyporexia, cough CT thorax - large mass in left cranial lung lobe and bilat pleural effusion Thoracotomy + lung lobectomy Histopath - toxo pneumonia. positive PCR on lung lobe 28d clinda tx 12.5mg/kg PO q12 CS resolved and repeat rads showed no abnormalities well 1y post sx

Answer 132

Drug prescribing frequencies similar studies Stewardship efforts focusing on fluroquinolones and 3rd gen cephalosporins probability of prescribing systemic antimicrobials = 0.15 to 0.28 Higher for dogs than cats Presenting to primary care - least likely to receive antimicrobials Most common prescribed - aminopenicillins / beta lactamase inhibitors - 1st gen cephalosporins - fluoroquinolones - nitroimidazoles - tetracyclines Highest priority classes - fluroquinolones and 3rd gen cephs most commonly prescribed

Answer 133

Persistent fontanelles associated with - small size - syringomyelia - ventriculomegaly - craniocervical junction overcrowding Age not associated with total fontanelle area or number of cranial sutures affected

Answer 134

Common - Hyperglobulinemia (43%) - Eosinophilia (40%) - Ultrasound evidence of visceral mineralization (65%) Hypercalcemia = UNcommon Tx: praziquantel + fenbendazole Efficacy variable 18% dogs died as result of infection Mean age 7.5y Weight 23kg CS - diarrhea (56%) - vomiting (46%) - weight loss without anorexia (15%) ELE 30%

Answer 135

Assisted enteral feeding associated with improved tx outcome, especially if receiving immunosuppressive tx Positive outcome = 6mo + survival or death due to other causes Negative = death within 6 mos 61% + outcome 39% - outcome 21 dogs had a feeding tube placed within 5 days of bx - 76% positive outcome if placed Associated with positive outcome - Dietary treatment alone - Enteral feeding tube Stratified by treatment - diet + immunosuppressant = positive outcome

Answer 136

IGF-1 might not be influenced by changes of BW in healthy cats Lean cats - food availability increased to ad lib for 40weeks to increase BW - week 41-60, decreased food to lose weight - measure IGF-1 Body weight - increased by 44% from week 0 to 40 - decreased by 25% from week 40 to 60 IGF-1 concentrations did not differ during the study period. No correlation between body weight observed.

Answer 137

Dogs and humans - Nerve root compression = nerve root enlargement with increased contrast update Cats - nerve root enlargement and contrast = inflammatory and neoplastic 8y Oriental shorthair acute neurologic deficits left sided sciatic nerve deficit with L6-S1 myelopathy MRI - compression of cauda equina and L7 nerve root - IVDH L6-L7 - sciatic nerve enlargement with rim enhancement Hemilam performed for disc herniation Biopsied nerve root = interstitial nerve root edema MRI 3mo post op - remission **Nerve root thickening together with contrast enhancement may represent nerve edema in cats secondary to IVDH.**

Answer 138

Gall bladder wall edema associated with pericardial effusion in small group of cases - 13 dogs + 1 cat - gall bladder thickness 3-5mm - mild to moderate sludge = 3 - mild to moderate luminal distension = 6 - CVC + hepatic venous distension in 5/6 Diagnoses - 11 dogs pericardial effusion (PCE) - 1 DCM - 1 rCHF PCE - mild 1 - moderate 6 - severe 4 7/11 pericardiocentesis 9/13 ascites Lung US findings - dry lung in 6 - b-lines in 4 - nodules in 1 Cat - moderate PCE, ascites, RV enlargement with VSD Presenting complaints - acute weakness - acute collapse - GI signs - resp distress - CPR / DOA

Answer 139

Significant narrowing for all left sided bronchi and the right principle, middle, and caudal bronchi in coughing dogs. Increasing LA size and VHS = smaller bronchi diameter association between LA enlargement and cardiomegaly and bronchial narrowing and support heart size-associated exacerbation of cough in dogs with murmur

Answer 140

Telmisartan can be used to treat systemic hypertension and proteinuria in dogs. combo acei and ARB = - significantly reduced BP by 13mmHg - significantly reduced UPC of 2.5 UPC in ACEi + ARB = lower than TEL alone

Answer 141

movement disorder - involuntary movements without changes in consciousness Types of movement disorders - tremors - peripheral nerve hyperexcitability - paroxysmal dyskinesia - dystonia Paroxysmal dyskinesia = movement disorder with recurrent episode of abnormal, involuntary movement Characterize movements - hypokinetic vs hyperkinetic - paroxysmal vs. persistent - exercise induced vs. not

Answer 142

SediVue = moderate agreement to manual methodology for detection of casts in urine. Sensitivity - 54% Specificity - 86% Able to increase specificity with image review and threshold of >1/hpf

Answer 143

Cyberknife and SRT might improve MST, compared with RT, in dogs with intracranial neoplasia median progression free interval 347d MST 738 Tumor location associated with progression free interval - cerebrum = 357d - cerebellum = 97d - brainstem = 266d Presumed tumor type associated with MST

Answer 144

18mo ME Schnauzer chronic resp infections - not responsive to abx or steroids developed vom/diarrhea not responsive to tx Euth at 20mo deleterious missense A/C mutation within the ***NAT10 gene*** = essential for microtubule acetylation, ciliary development, and cytokenesis Occurs in humans with ciliary aplasia

Answer 145

The microbiome in urine of clinically healthy dogs has diverse bacterial and fungal species These findings highlight limitations of conventional culture testing and the need for culture-independent molecular diagnostics to detect microorganisms in urine. Culture = no positive results Next-gen sequencing showed low presence of bacteria, fungi, or both in all samples. Struvite associated with bacterial community structure Correlation between struvite and pH

Answer 146

3y FS English Springer Spaniel presented twice 4mos apart for hematuria and polakiuria without UTI then 8 mos later for recurrent CS US - stable craniodorsal bladder wall thickening each time Cystoscopic biopsies = - 1st lymphoplasmacytic cystitis - 2nd polypoid cystitis - 3rd TCC BRAF never detected in urine or tissue Malignant transformation

Answer 147

shaking puppy syndrome - abnormal myelination of CNS - secondary to hypomyelination or dysmyelination - coarse tremor of the head and body - signs since birth - breeds -- samoyeds -- bernese -- welsh springer spaniels -- weim -- lurcher dogs -- chow chow Leukodystrophies - heritable disorder affecting white matter of CNS with glial cell or myelin sheath abnormalities 11 affected dogs Coarse side to side tremors of head and trunk which interferes with goal oriented movements, stops at rest 9 dogs euth Improvement in tremors up to 6-7mos Adults - severe residual pelvic limb ataxia 1 dog developed epilepsy MRI - abnormal white matter signal with failure to display white to grey matter contrast No cerebellar arbor vitae Autosomal recessive inheritance in this group

Answer 148

Similar spatio-temporal map Clusters in new areas 7 significant space-time clusters - arizona (2016) - california (2014-15) - florida (2010) - south carolina (2015) - south-central region (2015) - midwest (2014) - northeast (2011) Seasonal increase in summer and fall

Answer 149

UCR higher in overt and occult GI bleeding Not associated with occult vs. being healthy or upper vs. lower Higher HGB and HCT had lower odds of occult GI bleeding than being healthy UCR - not clinically useful, poor discrimination between upper vs. lower

Answer 150

L-FABP = possible biomarker of CKD in cats NGAL - NOT different between groups CKD cats had higher serum and urine L-FABP than healthy cats Healthy cats values are typically low Serum levels correlated with uL-FABP to creat ratio uL-FABP/Cr superior Hyperthyroid cats - @ T0 = higher uL-FABP - @ T2 = significant decrease in uL-FABP with treatment L=FABP detection of CKD - 100% sensitivity - 93% specificity

Answer 151

Furosemide CRI - causes more urine production that boluses Urine production decreases after several hrs of infusion = diuretic braking RAAS as a possible cause for diuretic braking? Restoration of diuretic responsiveness would be ideal for tx Tx groups - placebo - benazepril - benaz + spiro Adminstered tx for 3 days prior to 5h furosemide CRI Diuretic braking and urine production not different among treatments Weight loss, hemoconcentration, and decreased chloride during CRI without complete recovery at 24h for all tx Cr increased and Na decreased @ 24h for all tx Aldosterone + angiotensin2 increased at 5h for all tx despite ACEi tx RAAS mediates diuretic braking ACEi tx did not change outcome

Answer 152

C-reactive protein is NOT a good marker for dx of dogs with Bordetella - contrast to dogs with aspiration CRP higher in dogs with alveolar lesions in Bordetella dogs - duration of CS not different in dogs with normal CRP vs. elevated. CRP lower in dogs with Bordetella vs. aspiration despite alveolar lesions or not

Answer 153

Prolonged slow expiration and assisted cough - airway clearance techniques - improve PaO2/FiO2 ratio within 48h - decrease need for o2 in dyspneic dogs Chest physiotherapy (CP) increased the P/F ratio within 1st 48h Difference between ratio at presentation and discharge was significantly higher in CP group Mean O2free increased by 46% in CP group Mortality - 13% in CP group - 44% in control THIS GROUP HAD AIRWAY FLUID ACCUMULATION - crackles, cough, fluid expectorations - ex: bronchopneumonia

Answer 154

E. coli still susceptible to first line therapies. Resistance to aminopenicillins requires monitoring - most common resistance (15%) First e. coli ST131 in companion animal (pandemic lineage) 80% isolates susceptible to all antimicrobials no significant increase in resistant proportion 12 had ampC betalactamases 7 extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) 1 plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) Sporadic / uncomplicated UTI = 14% dogs 50% e. coli

Answer 155

Lateral flow POC assay for Cocci Traditional = agar gel immunodiffusion POC = rapid alternative to traditional AGID - excellent positive predictive value - positive agreement lower in dogs with lower titers Confirmatory testing if high index of suspicion exists POC - agreement in 32/36 antibody pos - agreement in 12/12 ab neg Positive percentage agreement 89% Negative percent agree 100%

Answer 156

Humans - m mode replaced by volumetric measurements of LV using simpson's method of disc LV volumes correlated best with weight in KG Separate RI for sighthounds

Answer 157

No sign difference in SBP among setting Cat on exam table = higher MAP, DBP, pulse rate, and variation than in carrier Lower BP in birmans BP increased with age Pulse lower in cats allowed outdoors

Answer 158

Most dogs with sinonasal tumors treated with RT die bc of local disease progression. Majority of local failure is within the OG field of radiation Residual for 20/22 dogs Failure for 16/22 dogs Out of failures - 75% in field - 19% marginal - 6% out of field

Answer 159

Normoalbuminemic and hypoalbuminemic dogs with chronic enteropathy = hypercoagulable based on TEG Some with hypofibrinolytic phenotypes Higher max amplitude Longer clot lysis times lower % lysis after 30 and 60 mins Moderately correlated with max A - Albumin - VitD - Antithrombin - Fibrinogen

Answer 160

Definitive intent treatment associated with prolonged overall survival time and progression free survival Definitive 504d vs. palliative 198d Overall survival 721d vs. 284d Second definitive tx at reoccurence lived longer than others - 824d vs. 434d

Answer 161

USP7 - potential therapeutic target in dogs with lymphoma - over expressed in lymphoma dogs USP7 inhibitor P5091 - selective cytotoxic activity in lymphoma and leukemia cell lines USP7 inhibition = disruption of cell cycle progression, triggers DNA damage, apoptosis Proapoptotic effect not reliant on p53 pathway

Answer 162

Associated with being stage B2 - Age - Appetite - ALT - BCS - Creat - Murmur intensity - NT-proBNP This model had better discrimination than VHS and NT-proBNP More accessible measurements to screen dogs with pre-clinical DVD.

Answer 163

5.5y FS Welsh Terrier 12mo hx of paroxysmal exertion induced dyskinesia (PED) recurrent episodes hyperkinetic movement abnormal muscle tone contractions triggered by exercise initially occurred shortly after exercise, then episodes lasted longer and occurred farther from exercise Diazepam IN alleviated the symptoms Keppra maintenance therapy was able to gradually return to exercise unable to be weaned off Overlap in disease pathways between epilepsy and PED

Answer 164

Breeds: Dobies, Goldens, Min Schauz, Whippet Diets: grain free diet, grain inclusive, diets WITH and WITHOUT FDA listed ingredients of concern No differences between diet types for - echo varriables - NT-proBNP - whole blood taurine Grain free - higher median high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-I - higher median plasma taurine Diets WITH FDA listed ingredients of concern (FDA-PLP) - higher median high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-I - more VPC Higher hs-cTnI in healthy dogs eating GF and FDA-PLP diets might indicate low-level cardiomyocyte injury. Diet matters

Answer 165

Rapid improvement with symptomatic tx SIRS criteria poor proxy for ID dogs with ADHS in need of antimicrobial tx, especially when hypovolemic 62% no abx 31% 1 abx, mostly aminopens 7% 2 abx median AHDS index 13 at admission, decreased during hospitalization CRP correlated positively with AHDS index at hospitalization More dogs had >2 SIRS criteria in abx groups Survival to discharge 96% Lower in dogs receiving 2 abx

Answer 166

cardiac MRI - detects fibrosis in HCM by quantifying extracellular volume fraction (ECV) - feasible and can provide info not available with echo LV mass greater in HCM native T1 mapping greater in HCM ECV % greater in HCM - 26% healthy vs. 33% HCM Correlated with ECV - deceleration time of early diastolic transmitral flow - ratio between peak velocity of early and late diastolic transmitral flow - peak velocity of late diastolic transmitral flow

Answer 167

Detection of free light chains (fLC) via protein electrophoresis or bence-jones protein test on urine able to detect serum and urine free light chains using commercial human immunofixation kit fLC may be nephrotoxic in dogs - fLC only myeloma developed end stage renal failure 5mos post dx. fLC usually freely filtered into urine if found in serum, proportional to amount being produced and GFR bence jones proteins - monoclonal fLC LC myeloma - variation of multiple myeloma where clonal plasma cells secrete only few fLC - fLC detection needed for diagnosis anti-human reagents may not distinguish lambda from kappa light chains

Answer 168

Leishmania infantum reported in foxhounds in US and Canada - rarely other breeds - seroprevalence in foxhounds 8.9% (2000-03) - all other breeds seronegative Leishmania infantum in 6.4% dogs (2006-19). - 8% foxhounds - 92% other breeds Known travel hx - 92% traveled outside of US or canada Majority of cases detected in non-foxhounds, most of which traveled to endemic countries. Several non-foxhound breeds had no travel hx. Surveil from pets traveling from endemic regions to monitor emergence of zoonotic dz. Transmitted by sandflies

Answer 169

Reverse PDA - variable clinical presentation and prognosis - survival time longer if prescribed sildenafil at diagnosis (MST 1839 vs. 302d) = survival predictor - R-CHF worse outcome (MST 59d) Hindlimb collapse - most common presenting sign in dogs Cats - variable CS MST 626d in dogs

Answer 170

Modified-vertebral left atrial size (M-VLAS) is superior to VHS in identifying dogs with LA:Ao >1.6 LA:Ao positively correlated w/ - M-VLAS - VLAS - radiographic left atrial dimension Cutoff M-VLAS >3.4 - 93% sensitivity and specificity

Answer 171

Mild CS and lack of prostate involvement - favorable survival Median event free survival = 260d OST = 510 EFS and OST not significantly different amount groups EFS and OST shorter with moderate to severe CS OST shorter if prostatic involvement Permanent urinary incontinence in 31% dogs post radiation - @ ~70d All other toxicities mild an self limiting

Answer 172

Testing the performance of delivery devices. Pediatric spacer (Aerochamber) with custom made mask - comparable performance to veterinary (AeroDawg) device 1min nebulization - lower pulmonary uptake but better pulmonary/extrapulmonary deposition ratio than 5 min Mean lung deposition for 3 devices 9-11%. Differences not statistically different.

Answer 173

Hypersomatotrophism - endocrinopathy associated with DM = excessive growth hormone Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy = effective tx Long term outcome compares favorably to current options 85% alive 4 weeks post op 15% post-op death Complications - hypoglycemia - electrolyte imbalance - transient CHF 95% of surviving cats had DM control 71% surviving cats had remission insulin d/c at median 9d post-op IGF-1 4wk post-op significantly lower in those achieving remission All cats required long term levothyroxine and hydrocortisone. 72% desmopressin Recurrence of DM in 12% after median of 248d. MST 853d

Answer 174

Prostatic leiomyosarcoma - uncommon 2 cases reported 12y ME German Wirehaired Pointer Straining to defecate and urinate CT - mass from prostate gland, obliterating pelvic canal Prostatectomy Histology + IHC = leiomyosarcoma Metronomic cyclophosphamide and NSAIDs 15mo no sign of recurrence of metastasis

Answer 175

Beneficial outcome of hypophysectomy in cats with hypersomatotropism Low death rate High percentage of diabetic remission and definitive cure Median post-op stay 7d 1 cat died within 4wks of sx GH decreased from 51 --> 3.8 5h post sx Remission of hypersomatotrophism = normal IGF-1 = 23/24 cats 22/24 - diabetic remission MST 1347 1y survival 76% 2y survival 76% 3y survival 52%

Answer 176

Lower urine antigen concentration and radiographic lung severity score (RLS) have improved survival. Overall survival - to discharge 87% - 1 week 85% - 2mo 74% - 6mo 69% Urine antigen concentration correlated with RLS All dogs with BACU >5ng/mL or mild RLS alive at last follow up Median 365d

Answer 177

LR blood units are recommended to critically ill dogs with marked inflammatory conditions. LR positive effects on - lactate - PH - K Increased IL8 in non-leukoreduced during storage

Answer 178

Pancreatitis amenable to antemortem diagnosis AP easier to determine than chronic panc Management measures less defined for chronic panc. Histopathologic prevalence of panc 66% - acute 6% - chronic 50% - both 9.6% - 45% apparently healthy 95% idiopathic

Answer 179

Enteric coated capsules Efficacy of this formulation not evaluated in dogs. Evaluated in this study is an effective gastric acid suppressant in healthy dogs. Dogs treated had higher mean percentage time of intragastric pH over 3, over 4, and mean pH

Answer 180

No difference between two machines at 3 time points. Intraindividial mean BP differences up to 60mmHg between time points petMAP higher than HDO important to validate devices Systolic blood pressure performed by trained student higher than those by owners. time point of measurement - minor importance owners performing BP may reduce situational hypertension

Answer 181

adjunctive TPE similar outcome to those treated medically Treated with TPE, typically those more refractory to medical management 35% complication with TPE Response rate with TPE - IMHA 83% (vs. 65% control) - ITP 85% (vs. 70% control) With TPE 71% complete remission 12% partial remission 18% died or euth 82% TPE survived to discharge vs. 69% controls

Answer 182

Simultaneous occurrence of rare conditions in cat - GE intussusception - esoph dilation - bilateral lar par Unilateral aretynoid lateralization resolved CS

Answer 183

More areas than previously reported could have seizure induced changes. seizure induced changes - T2 hyperintense - no FLAIR signal suppression T1 - isointense 55pt - hypointense 26 - local mass effect 23 - contrast enhancement 12 Most changes are bilateral and symmetrical Most commonly affected - hippocampus - cingulate gyrus - hippocampus and piriform lobes

Answer 184

GB mucocele associated with proteinuria Median urine dipstick protein concentration to USG ratio and ratio >1.5 = higher for mucocele formation Proteinuria not associated with CBC or chem findings Proteinuria increased with severity of illness

Answer 185

Wash fluid (ET in particular) should be screened for mucus and turbidity to maximize the likelihood of good specimen. Fewer TT specimens excluded for hypocellularity than ET. ET and TT similar Presence of bacteria on cyto good indicator of growth on culture. Recent abx should not discourage wash. 35% bacteria on cytology 68% had bacteria on culture

Answer 186

Cats with HCM + CHF - no benefit of pimo on 180d outcome Non-obstructive cat success rate - 32% pimo group - 18% control Obstructive - 28% pimo - 60% placebo

Answer 187

Gut-derived uremic toxins - indoxyl sulfate (IS) - p-cresol sulfate (pCS) - trimethlamine-n-oxide (TMAO) Concentrations lower in fed state than non-fed

Answer 188

Well tolerated Without epidural - poor post-procedure pain control

Answer 189

Subclinical GI erosions more common in dogs receiving chronic treatment with NSAIDs than in control dogs with chronic GI disease. 83% NSAID treated dogs had GI erosions More erosions in NSAID group 3/11 control dogs had GI erosions

Answer 190

Monitored chem values between year 1 and 2 for healthy dog checks >90% dogs within the cohort were within the annual change interval No sig differences evaluating by reference intervals vs. annual change intervals.

Answer 191

Veterinary hospitals = important role in the selection and transmission of MDRO among patients. Admission prevalence of MDRO = 15% Discharge prevalence and acquisition of MDRO = 32% Hosp acquired - ESBL E. coli 17% - B-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae One hospital - cluster of related carbapenemase-producing enterobacter identified Hosp at clinic 1 and days of hosp risk for MDRO acquisition in dogs

Answer 192

Testing a rapid immunoassay dipstick for detection of bacteriuria in voided urine from dogs with clinical signs of UTI. 43% had UTI ID via culture 1 false negative RIA no false positive RIA Sensitivity 89% Specificity 100% PPV 100% NPV 92% RIA promising

Answer 193

Dogs with CE and normal albumin can still be hypercoagulable. TEG study. Global clot strength did not significantly differ based on albumin concentration. G value negatively correlated with HCT, alb, duration of signs G value positively correlated with age. 44% hypercoagulable

Answer 194

2y MBD 6wk hx of paraparesis MRI - multifocal, anomalous vascular structures distributed throughout the subarachnoid space of SC - Focal intramedullary lesion T9-T12 Histopath - AV malformation Causing diffuse congestion and focal hemorrhages

Answer 195

Post-prandial IG higher from 30mins to 120min post meal Higher IG between 1 and 6am than other time points

Answer 196

Attenuation of dietary phosphate restriction could result in normalization of iCa in cats that develop hypercalcemia while eating a clinical renal diet. iCa decreased when fed moderately P restricted diet to cats that developed hypecalcemia on renal diet. - < 1.4 in 8/10 cats after 2mos Plasma P concentrations did not change. Baseline (@ dx of CKD) hypercalcemia group did not have a change in iCa but decrease in P was noted. - < 1.4 in 4/11 cats by 3.4mos

Answer 197

No biomarkers identified in this study to differentiate between lymphoplasmacytic enteritis and small cell lymphoma in cats. evaluated - malate dehydrogenase-1 - malate dehydrogenase-2 - apolipoprotein - annexin IV - annexin V

Answer 198

increased drug concentrations and slower ampicillin clearance in azotemic dogs peak concentration, half-life hours, and AUC were greater in azotemic dogs lower clearance and volume of distribution

Answer 199

Inappropriate ventricular-arterial coupling assessed by echocardiographically estimated effective arterial elastance (Ea) / left ventricular end-systolic elastance (Ees) is associated with advanced disease severity in dogs with MMVD. Ea/Ees and peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow to isovolumic relaxation time ratio = independent predictors of stage C

Answer 200

TT - small molecule for intratumoral tx of MCT 75% complete resolution with single treatment by 28d 93% no recurrence at 84d Tumor slough 3-14 days post-tx Wound area related to pre-treatment tumor volume Max area evident in 89% dogs by day 7 Complete resolution - all left to heal by second intention Time to heal depends on area and location Most wounds fully healed between 28-42d post-tx. Area of wound after slough relative to pre-treatment tumor size matters determines efficacy. Response = consistent clinical pattern in most dogs.

Answer 201

Liver function tests do not always normalize despite attenuation. Lidocaine / MEGX test to determine liver perfusion after shunt closure. The lidocaine/MEGX test is a promising, rapid, and noninvasive blood test that seems helpful to differentiate dogs with closed EHPSS and dogs with persistent shunting after gradual attenuation. MEGX @ T15 - higher in dogs with closed vs. at dx - not different in dogs with persistent shunting Sensitivity 96% Specificity 82%

Answer 202

Spexin - peptide hormone that regulates BW, adipose tissue metabolism, and food intake SPX concentration lower in dogs with BCS 4 or 5 vs. BCS 2 or 3. Lower in fatter dogs. Spexin mRNA detected in adipose tissue and liver. NOT in pancreas. Negative correlations between SPX and insulin, leptin, TG, nonesterified FA, and fructosamine Positive correlation between SPX and adiponectin May be involved in pathogenesis of obesity.

Answer 203

Lumbar syringomyelia, LS pain, and more caudal spinal cord termination noted in CKCS. Spinal cord termination - L6 = 1 - L7 = 31 - sacrum = 15 Caudal termination associated with lumbar SM but NOT CS mean filum terminale internum length (FTIL) = 2.9 - associated with owner reported pain - pain palpation scores Painful CKCS without SM had shorter FTIL = decreased distance between termination of spinal cord and dural sac More caudal termination = associated with lumbar SM

Answer 204

3mo M MBD progressive diffuse brain disease MRI - noncommunicating congenital hydrocephalus concurrent with cervical syringomyelia poor CSF flow through mesencephalic aqueduct Flow into the syrinx at craniovervical junction Percutaneous drainage and ventriculoperitoneal shunting - CSF flow through aqueduct detected - flow through syrinx gone CS improved after shunting Cerebral parenchymal thickness increased on 2y follow up

Answer 205

Borrelia burgdorferi = Ixodes Black legged tick - vector Symptoms: shifting leg lameness, anorexia, fever, lyme nephritis <10% seropositive develop CS Wide variety of clinical approaches to tx. Tick testing not recommended. Recommend screening Quantitative testing of limited help Screen seropositive for proteinuria

Answer 206

Cyclosporine admin - associated with development of neutropenia in dogs receiving vinc. - odds ratio 12.97 19/147 dogs became neutropenic no difference between time to plt >40k in neutropenic vs. non. hospitalization longer in neutropenic dogs (6d) vs. non (4d) Survival to discharge 95% in both groups