2.1-2.2 - Cell structure & function

Question 1

Prokaryotic cells location

Answer 1

bacteria and Archaea.

Question 2

Prokaryotic cell structure

Answer 2

• No nucleus
• DNA located in nucleoid
• No membrane-bound organelles.
• Cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane.

Question 3

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 3

• DNA in nucleus bound by a membranous nuclear envelope.
• Cytoplasm between plasma membrane & nucleus
  *Larger than prokaryotic cells.

Question 4

Plasma membrane

Answer 4

Selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, & waste

Question 5

Plasma membrane composition

Answer 5

• Double membrane of phospholipids
• Proteins and carbohydrate side chains
• Hydrophilic top & bottom
• Hydrophobic middle

Question 6

Nucleus

Answer 6

• Controls genes and directs other parts of the cell.

Question 7

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 7

Composed of smooth & rough ER.
Provides mechanical support

Question 8

Smooth ER

Answer 8

• Makes lipids and breaks down toxins.
• Does not have ribosomes.

Question 9

Rough ER

Answer 9

• Contains ribosomes that synthesize proteins.

Question 10

Ribosomes

Answer 10

• Composed of proteins and ribosomal DNA
• mRNA goes through the middle, translates messages to a protein in the ER.

Question 11

Golgi complex

Answer 11

Takes proteins & lipids produced in the ER and transfers it to different parts of the cell.

Question 12

Lysosome

Answer 12

• Full of digestive enzymes.
• Breaks down viruses by fusing with them and creating a phagosome.
• Dissolves malfunctioning mitochondria.
• Can kill cells.

Question 13

Mitochondria

Answer 13

• Produces ATP
• Cell where cellular respiration occurs.

Question 14

Mitochondria composition

Answer 14

• Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
• Smooth outer layer, inner layer with cristae.
• Divided into 2 internal compartments by inner membrane

Question 15

1. Intermembrane space

Answer 15

Inner region between inner and outer membranes.

Question 16

2. Mitochondrial matrix

Answer 16

• Contains enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, & ribosomes
• Enzymes catalyze cellular respiration
• Enclosed by inner membrane

Question 17

How does cristae enhance cellular respiration?

Answer 17

By giving mitochondria large surface area.

Question 18

What is ATP responsible for?

Answer 18

• Active transport
• Muscle contraction

Question 19

ATP composition

Answer 19

• 3 phosphates
• ribose sugar
• adenine base

Question 20

How does ATP operate?

Answer 20

• ATP is hydrolyzed & loses a phosphate
• Turns into ADP, cellular respiration replaces phosphate
• Lost phosphate is transferred to embedded protein.
• Exergonic reaction

Question 21

Why does ATP lose a phosphate?

Answer 21

Phosphates are less stable in 3’s, are more stable in 2’s.

Question 22

What happens to the embedded protein after the phosphate enters it?

Answer 22

Protein becomes more reactive & less stable.
*Phosphorylated intermediate state.

Question 23

Hydrolytic enzymes

Answer 23

• Important in intracellular digestion
• recycling of cell’s organic materials
• programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Question 24

Vacuoles

Answer 24

• Storage and release of macromolecules & waste
• aids in water retention in plants for turgor pressure.

Question 25

What are within chloroplasts?

Answer 25

Thylakoids and stroma

Question 26

How are thylakoids organized?

Answer 26

In stacks called grana

Question 27

What reactions occur in the grana?

Answer 27

Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Question 28

What is stroma?

Answer 28

Fluid within the inner chloroplast membrane and outside the thylakoid.

Question 29

What reactions occur in the stroma?

Answer 29

Carbon-fixation reactions of photosynthesis
(Calvin-Benson cycle)

Question 30

What are the reactions that occur in the mitochondria?

Answer 30

• Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix
• electron transport & ATP synthesis occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane.