2.1 ES & Biodiversity - Direct & Indirect economic values

Question 1

project apraisal

Answer 1

Decision-aiding tool

Is it in the public interest to allow the project

If the impact of the project on the environment is an externality; market failure is introduced; then they do not show up in private appraisals
=> social or environmental appraisals are needed

Question 2

project

Answer 2

current commitment with consequences stretching over future time; they have unintentionally environmental impacts

• accumulation of capital
• adoptation of a governmental policy

marginal with respect tot the economy as a whole

Question 3

ecosystem services

Answer 3

Links the environment with the economy

ES => flow of valuable services (economic goods) to human societies as a result of the STATE and QUANTITY of natural capital

Direct and indirect contributions of an ecosystem to human-well being

Question 4

provisioning services

Answer 4

Material and energy outputs from ecosystems

ex. wilds foods, crops, fresh water, plant derived medicine, honey, …

Question 5

regulating services

Answer 5

The services that the ecosystems provide by action as regulator

ex. filtration pollutants, climate regulation through carbon storage, water cycling, moderation of extreme events, …

Question 6

supporting services

Answer 6

The services that are necessary for the production of all the other ES

ex. soil formation, photosynthesis, Nutrient cycling, …

Question 7

cultural services

Answer 7

Non material benefits people obtain form ecosystems

ex. spirutual enrichement, aesthetic experience, recreation , education, …

Question 8

CICES

Answer 8

common international classification of ecosystem services

standardization of ES as described

• can be adjusted to local conditions
• can work with multifunctional land-use

Section < division < group< class < sub-class < examples

Question 9

dis-services resulting from ecosystems

Answer 9

• negative human-health effects
• production damage
• discomfort by nature
• natural disasters

Question 10

non-market valuation

Answer 10

For a lot of services of nature there is still no value

How can you value a walk in nature? Or the existence of a tree?

Question 11

safe minimum standard

Answer 11

At some level of degradation most systems will collapse

There is a high uncertainty so we take an extra SAFE value

Question 12

marginal cost of ES conservation

Answer 12

Marginal cost of managing ES
+
Marginal oppurtunity cost of E conservation (what is lost by not turning into ex an agricultural field

Question 13

benefit capture

Answer 13

incorporating the value of ES in the decision making

• institutional arrangement that the benefits of non-marketed ES captures so that their is an incentive for their sustainable provision
• market based instruments (taxes, subsidies, permits)
• regulatory instruments

ALSO informal communal arrangements