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Biology > Ch. 47, 23, 24 > Flashcards

Ch. 47, 23, 24 Flashcards

0
Q

Ex. bacterial disease

A

anthrax,botulism, cholera, tooth decay, gonorrhea, salmonella, strep throat, T.B., tetanus, staph infection

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1
Q

viruses that infect humans

A

flu, cold, chicken pox/ shingles, AIDS, rabies, hepatitis, etc.

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2
Q

antibiotics

A

interfere with cellular functions ex. ability to build new cell walls

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3
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

few mutant bacteria may not be affected (or not at first) by the antibiotic and survive and reproduce

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4
Q

structure of viruses+ 3 types

A

no cytoplasm or organelles, surrounded by protein coat (capsid), protein and RNA or DNA
3 types: tobacco mosaic (helical), adenovirus (polyhedral), influenza (enveloped)

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5
Q

how viruses reproduce

A

must enter specific host cell and use host’s ribosomes, ATP, enzymes and other molecules to reproduce

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6
Q

lytic cycle

A

virus invades a host cell, produces new viruses and ruptures the host cell

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7
Q

retroviruses

A

contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase in addition to RNA

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8
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

virus invades host cell, viral DNA becomes part of the host cell’s DNA, when divides, viral DNA is passed to on

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9
Q

vaccines

A

stimulate the body’s immune system to provide protection against a pathogen, may use inactivated or genetically altered viruses

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10
Q

how smallpox was eradicated

A

edward jenner used cowpox to develop vaccine for smallpox- eradicated by 1980

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11
Q

Koch’s postulates

A
  1. suspected pathogens must occur in only diseased animals
  2. must be isolated and grown in a lab culture
  3. if healthy animal inoculated, it should develop disease
  4. pathogen from second animal should be the same as the original pathogen
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13
Q

nonspecific defenses

A

skin and mucous membranes

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14
Q

structures of immune system

A

adenoid, tonsil, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymph vessels, bone marrow

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15
Q

Ex. specific defenses

A

cell-mediated and humoral immune response, primary and secondary immune response

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16
Q

fever: general or specific response

A

general

17
Q

cell-mediated response

A

interleukin-2 stimulates helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, and suppressor T cells

18
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

destroy body cells infected with this specific pathogen

19
Q

suppressor T cells

A

help shut down the response after the pathogens have been destroyed

20
Q

humoral immune response

A

interleukin-2 stimulates B cells to divide, form plasma cells, plasma produce specific antibodies which slows down pathogens

21
Q

primary immune response

A

first time the body encounters an antigen

takes loger to build up antibodies and destroy pathogen

22
Q

antibodies produced by _____

A

plasma cells

23
Q

secondary immune response

A

uses memory cells

much faster and stronger response

24
Q

immunity

A

resistance to a specific pathogen by vaccination or surviving disease

25
Q

memory cells

A

some B and T cells remain in the body, in the specific pathogen enters again it is quickly eliminated, B cells stimulated ny interleukin-2

26
Q

vaccines

A

introduces antigen to body to cause immunity

27
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

immune system attacks own body cells

28
Q

transmission of HIV

A

sexual contact
contaminated diseases
mother to fetus

29
Q

allergies

A

inappropriate response to harmless substances

30
Q

medical treatment for HIV

A

antiviral drugs prevent HIV from producing, strengthen immune system, emotional support

31
Q

HIV phases

A

phase 1: virus replicates in body, B cells make antibodies
phase 2: B cells continue making antibodies, T cell level drops, immune system begins failing
phase 3: helper T cell level so low can’t stimulate B cells
(AIDS diagnosed when T cells under 22/mL)

32
Q

antibodies: general or specific response

A

specific

33
Q

natural killer cells attack____ cells

A

infected

34
Q

all pathogens have ___ on its surface allowing immune system to recognize as invaders

A

antigens

35
Q

asthma

A

disorder when bronchioles narrow

36
Q

adult immune system cells are produced here:

A

bone marrow

37
Q

when B cells encounter an antigen, they divide and produce:

A

antibodies

38
Q

inflammatory response

A

damaged cells release chemicals (histamine), histamines increase blood flow and permeability of capillaries, plasma an wbc’s enter injured area

Biology (12 decks)

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