Ch. 49/50

Question 0

resting potential

Answer 0

electric potential across the cell membrane of a nerve cell or muscle cell when the cell is not active

Question 1

Spinal cord

Answer 1

31 pairs spinal neurons

Each nerve contains neurons which carry sensory info in and motor info out

Question 2

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

Neurons not included in CNS
Afferent- info towards the day
Efferent- info away from the brain

Question 2

Brain stem

Answer 2

Links cerebrum to spinal cord

maintains necessary functions of the body

Question 5

Meninges

Answer 5

Protects CNS

3 types- dura master, arachnoid layer, piña mater

Question 6

endocrine system

Answer 6

transmits hormons into blood stream
slower acting than nervous system
regulates processes over days or even months

Question 7

motor neurons

Answer 7

carry info from CNS to muscles and glands

Question 8

hypothalamus

Answer 8

helps maintain homeostasis
directly and indirectly controls much of body’s hormone production
coordinates many activities of nervous and endocrine system

Question 9

sympathetic divisoin

Answer 9

part of autonomic nervous system
speeds up, uses energy
redirects blood when stressed or threatend

Question 11

parasympathetic division

Answer 11

part of autonomic nervous system
slows down, less energy
controls internal environment during routine conditions

Question 12

reflexes

Answer 12

involuntary, self- protective movements

Question 13

synapses

Answer 13

special junctions at which neurons and cells communicate

Question 14

refractory period

Answer 14

short period of time after the stimulation of a nerve during which the nerve cannot be stimulated

Question 15

hormones

Answer 15

substances secreted by cells that act to regulate the activity of other cells in body
influence activity of distant target cells
steroid hormones-amino acid based hormones

Question 16

neurotransmitters

Answer 16

chemical substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapses

Question 17

endocrine vs. exocrine system

Answer 17

endocrine- ductless, transmits hormones

exocrine- has ducts, secrete non-hormonal chemicals

Question 18

amino acid based hormones vs. steroid hormones

Answer 18

amino acid- mostly water soluble,

steroid- fat soluble, can diffuse across membrane

Question 19

target cells

Answer 19

specific cell to which a hormone is directed to produce a specific effect

Question 20

ex. of negative feedback loops

Answer 20

lutenizing hormone (LH) in females stimulates estrogen production

Question 21

types of receptors

Answer 21

mechanoreceptors- movement, pressure, tension
photoreceptors- variations in light
chemoreceptors- chemicals
thermoreceptors- changes in temp.
pain receptors- tissue damage

Question 22

Central nervous system

Answer 22

Brain and spinal cord

control flow of info into the body

Question 23

thyroid gland

Answer 23

two lobes located near lower larynx
produces and secretes the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine
regulates aspects of metabolism and mineral balance

Question 24

Cerebellum

Answer 24

posterior portion of brain

Receives info from sensory neurons, uses info for coordination of muscles

Question 24

action potential

Answer 24

sudden change in the polarity of the membrane of a neuron, gland cell, or muscle fiber that facilitates the transmission of electrical impulses

Question 25

adrenal glands (adrenal medulla)

Answer 25

located above each kidney

causes body’s reaction to stress

Question 26

gonads

Answer 26

ovaries and testes

gamete-producing organs that also produce steroid sex hormones

Question 27

thymus

Answer 27

located beneath sternum
helps development of immune system
stimulates formation of T cells

Question 28

pituitary gland

Answer 28

located at base of brain
secretes hormones that affect other glands and organs
regulated by hypothalamus
posterior and anterior pituitary

Question 29

growth hormone

Answer 29

regulates development of muscles and bones

Question 30

insulin

Answer 30

lowers blood sugar by stimulating body cells to take in and store glucose

Question 31

glucagon

Answer 31

increase blood sugar level by stimulating body cells to release glucose

Question 32

Cerebrum

Answer 32

• 2 hemispheres connected by corpus callosum
• four lobes
• groved surface increases surface area
• receives sensation and controls movement

Question 33

pancreas

Answer 33

produce insulin and glucagon