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Step 2 > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Retinol

A

Vitamin A

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2
Q

Thiamine

A

B1

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3
Q

Niacin

A

B3

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4
Q

Biotin

A

B7

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5
Q

Riboflavin

A

B2

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6
Q

Pantothenate

A

B5

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7
Q

TPP

A

B1

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8
Q

NAD+ and NADP+

A

B3

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9
Q

FAD and FMN

A

B2

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10
Q

CoA

A

B5

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11
Q

Pyridoxine

A

B6

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12
Q

Ascorbic acid

A

C

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13
Q

Cobalamin

A

B12

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14
Q

Folic Aid

A

B9

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15
Q

Tocopherol/tocotrienol

A

E

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16
Q

What is the function of Vitamin A?

A
  1. Antioxidant
  2. Constituent of visual pigments
  3. Treats measles and AML
  4. Needed for differentiation of epithelial cells
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17
Q

What can Vitamin A deficiency cause?

A
  • Night blindness (nyctalopia)
  • Dry, scaly skin (xerosis cutis)
  • Alopecia
  • Corneal degeneration (keratomalacia)
  • Immune suppression
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18
Q

What can Vitamin A excess cause?

A
  • Pseudotumor cerebri (Elevated ICP)
  • Teratogenic, cleft palate and cardiac anomalies
  • Arthralgias
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19
Q

What enzymes require B1 as a cofactor?

A
  1. Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA)
  2. Transketolase (HMP)
  3. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (TCA)
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20
Q

What results from a B1 deficiency?

A

Impaired glucose breakdown and ATP depletion, especially in the brain and heart

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21
Q

What is deficient in Wet beriberi and how does it present?

A
  • Deficiency = Vitamin B1

- Presentation = High output cardiac failure, dilated cardiomyopathy and edema

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22
Q

What is deficient in Dry beriberi and how does it present?

A
  • Deficiency = Vitamin B1

- Presentation = Polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting (toe, wrist or foot drop)

23
Q

What is deficient in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and how does it present?

A
  • Deficiency = Vitamin B1

- Presentation = Confusion + Opthalmoplegia + Ataxia + Confabulation, medial dorsal thalamic nucleus damaged

24
Q

From what amino acid is B3 synthesized and what cofactors does this process require?

A

Tryptophan, B2+B6

25
Q

What are the functions of vitamin B3?

A
  1. Redox reactions (NAD+ carries H+ producing 3 ATP)

2. Treat dyslipidemia (decreases VLDL and increases HDL)

26
Q

How does niacin deficiency present?

A

Glossitis if minor

Pellagra if severe: Dementia, Diarrhea and Dermatitis

27
Q

What vitamin deficiency can be caused by Hartnup disease?

A

Niacin

28
Q

What vitamin deficiency can malignant carcinoid syndrome cause, how?

A

Niacin, increased tryptophan metabolism

29
Q

What vitamin deficiency can Isoniazid cause, how?

A

Niacin, due to decrease in B6

30
Q

How does niacin excess present?

A

Flushing (due to prostaglandin) + Hyperglycemia + Hyperuricemia

31
Q

What is the active form of B6? What is it used for?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

Used for transamination (AST/ALT), decarboxylation, and glycogen phosphorylation

32
Q

What compounds require B6 for synthesis?

A
  1. Cystathionine
  2. Heme
  3. Niacin
  4. Histmine
  5. Serotonin
  6. Epinephrine
  7. NE
  8. DA
  9. GABA
33
Q

How does B6 deficiency present?

A

Convulsions, hyperirritability and peripheral neuropathy

34
Q

What drugs can induce B6 deficiency?

A

Isoniazid and oral contraceptives

35
Q

What enzymes require biotin?

A

Carboxylation enzymes

  1. Pyruvate carboxylase
  2. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
  3. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
36
Q

What vitamin deficiency can excessive raw egg consumption cause? How?

A

B7, avidin (a protein in the egg whites) binds up the biotin and prevents its absorption

37
Q

What is the function of folate?

A

Used as THF as a cofactor for 1 carbon transfer reactions, especiallyin the synthesis of bases for DNA and RNA

38
Q

Where is folate found and how is it absorbed?

A

Found in green leafy vegetables, absorbed in the jejunum and a small reserve is stored in the liver

39
Q

How does B9 deficiency present?

A

Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia with hypersegmented PMNs and glossitis

40
Q

What will labs indicate in B9 deficiency?

A

Increased homocysteine with normal methylmalonic acid

41
Q

What is the most common vitamin deficiency in the United States?

A

Folate deficiency

42
Q

What is the function of B12?

A

Cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

43
Q

Where does cobalamin come from?

A

Found in animal products, only synthesized by microorganisms. We have a large reserve (years worth) stored in the liver

44
Q

How does B12 deficiency present?

A

Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia with hypersegmented PMNs, paresthesias and degeneration of the dorsal columns and the lateral corticospianal tracts

45
Q

What lab findings are associated with B12 deficiency?

A

Increased homocysteine and increased methylmalonic acid levels

46
Q

What are the most common causes of B12 deficiency?

A

Insufficient intake, malabsorption, lack of intrinsic factor, and absence of terminal ileum

47
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C?

A
  1. Antioxidant
  2. Necessary for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis
  3. Needed for dopamine-Beta-hydroxylase (DA->NE)
48
Q

What does a vitamin C deficiency present as?

A

Scurvy: Swollen gums, bruising, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing (due to collagen synthesis defect)

49
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A
  1. Increase intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate

2. Increased bone mineralization

50
Q

What does vitamin D deficiency cause?

A
  • Rickets or Osteomalacia
  • Hypocalcemic tetany
  • Breastfed infants needs oral vitamin D
51
Q

What is the function of vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant protecting erythrocyte membranes?

52
Q

What does vitamin E deficiency cause?

A

Hemolytic anemia and ataxia (from demyelination)

53
Q

What is the function of vitamin K?

A

-Cofactor for gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid residues of clotting factors (2,7,9,10 C and S)

54
Q

What does a deficiency of vitamin K cause?

A

-Neonatal hemorrhage with increased PT and PTT

Because gut has no flora to synthesize the K for them

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