24-26 Osmo Flashcards by josh law

refers to defense mechanisms that the organism is born with.

innate immunity

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rely solely on innate immunity

invertebrates

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innate immunity coexists with acquired immunity

vertebrates

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“big eaters” that are found in the interstitial fluid and eat any bacteria and viruses they encounter.

Macrophages

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proteins produced by virus-infected cells that help other cells resist viruses

interferons

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a major component of our innate immunity

inflammatory response

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setting on fire

inflammation

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consists mainly of dead white cells and fluid that has leaked from the capillaries

Pus

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involved in both innate and acquired immunity

Lymphatic system

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rounded organs packed with microphages and white blood cells known as lymphocytes

Lymph nodes

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set of defenses that are activated only after exposure to pathogens

Acquired immunity

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any foreign molecule that elicits an acquired immune response

Antigen

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protein found in blood plasma that attaches to one particular kind of antigen and helps counter its effects

Antibody

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composed of harmless variant or part of a disease-causing microbe

Vaccination

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maintaining a body temperature suitable for survival.

Homeostatic-thermoregulation

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rely on external sources of heat

Ectotherms

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heat is generated by their own metabolism

endotherms

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movement of air or liquid past a surface

Convection

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emission of electromagnetic waves

Radiation

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direct contact, heat moves from hot to cold.

Conduction

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loss of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas

Evaporation

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during cold weather, changes in hormones boost the metabolic rate of birds.

Metabolic heat production.

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balancing the uptake and loss of water and solutes

Osmoregulation

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have a solute concentration equal to that of seawater so that they do not lose or gain water

Osmoconformers

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must regulate water loss or gain because their solute concentration differs from their environment.

Osmoregulators

plays a central role in homeostasis, forming an excruciating urine while regulating water and ions in body fluids

Urinary system

duct by which urine leaves each and enters the urinary bladder.

Ureter

tube that empties the bladder

Urethra

water and all molecules small enough to get forced through

Filtration

water and valuable solutes must be reclaimed and returned to the blood

Reabsorbtion

the product of filtration, reabsorption and secretion passes through the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Urine

blood substances are transported into the filtrate

Secretion

is used for people who undergo kidney failure.

Dialysis

hormonal disease in which body cells are unable are unable to absorb glucose from the blood

Diabetes mellitus

ingestion of sugar solution and then blood drawn at timed intervals.

Glucose tolerance test.

too much insulin is secreted negating the effect of glucose causing blood glucose to drop.

Hypoglycemia

What are 5 adaptions for heat regulation

Metabolic heat production, Insulation, Circulatory adaption, Evaporative cooling, Behavioral responses.

Vertebrates have

white blood cells

Vertebrates also have skin and

mucous membranes

Invertebrates have an

exoskeleton

Invertebrates also have

low pH and secretion of lysosome

White blood cells are found in

blood and interstitial fluid

Most white blood cells are

neutrophils

Tissue becomes red and swollen during the

inflammatory response.

An infection can sometimes cause an overwhelming response that leads to

septic shock

Septic shock, high fever, and low blood pressure is a common cause of

death in critical care patients

Lymphatic vessels carry lymph-similar to interstitial fluid but contain less oxygen and

fewer nutrients

Acquired immunity is found only in

vertebrates

Acquired immunity differs from

individual to individual

An antigen can be protrusions from pathogens, viruses, bacteria, mold spores, pollen, dust, or the cell surfaces of

transplanted organs

Acquired immunity is usually obtained through

exposure but can be obtained through vaccines.

In the U.S child vaccinations have lead to the virtual elimination of some viral diseases like

polio, lumps, and measles

There have been no cases of smallpox since

1970

Since 2001, the government has been stockpiling smallpox vaccines due to the

chance of a bioterrorist attack

Some organisms do homeostatic thermoregulation through metabolism

while others rely on the external environment

Endotherms consist of

birds and animals

Ectotherms consist of lizards amphibians,

and many fishes

Mammals and birds have

feathers and fur

Raising of fur helps

trap air

Land animals have exoskeletons or skin to help prevent

dehydration.

Kidneys are about the size of a

fist

Kidneys are filled with nearly 80km of

tubes and capillaries

1100-2000 L of blood passes through

the kidneys daily

Kidneys extract about 180L of fluid that consists of water,

urea and solutes of glucose, amino acids, ions and vitamins.

We only excrete about

1.5 daily

Kidneys must refine this filtrate and return

valuable substances to the blood.

A person may survive with

one functioning kidney

Both kidneys failing would lead to toxic waste build up,

poor regulation of blood pressure, pH and ions

Prolonged use of pain relievers, alcohol, and

other drugs can contribute.

Over 60% of kidney disease is related to

hypertension, and diabetes.

21 million Americans

have diabetes.

6 million haven’t been diagnosed

but still have it

Diabetes can cause dehydration, blindness, cardiovascular

and kidney disease cause nerve damage.

300,000 Americans die to

diabetes each year.

White blood cells attack and destroy

their own pancreatic cells

Type I is

insulin dependent

Generally develops

during childhood

Type II is

non insulin dependent

Injections of human insulin are produced by

genetically engineered bacteria

Deficiency of insulin

or reduced to insulin

Type II is mostly associated with overweight and

underactive

More than 90% of U.S

diabetes are Type II

Many manage diabetes with diets

and exercise

Gestational diabetes affects

4% of woman

High fiber diets,

low fat and sodium