2.7-2.10 quiz

Question 1

what are the molecules unique to living systems

Answer 1

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 2

many biomolecules are macromolecules. what are macromolecules

Answer 2

large complex molecules consisting of thousands of atoms

Question 3

polymers

Answer 3

chainlike molecules made of many smaller subunits, monomers, joined by dehydration synthesis

Question 4

dehydration synthesis

Answer 4

a hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from the atom resulting in a covalent bond

Question 5

hydrolysis

Answer 5

a water molecule is used to split the covalent bond between two atoms, in reverse of dehydration synthesis

Question 6

carbohydrates are used for what

Answer 6

energy

Question 7

what do carbohydrates contain

Answer 7

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
includes sugars and starches

Question 8

monosaccharides

Answer 8

simple sugars, that are single chain or single ring structures
example: glucose

Question 9

disaccharides

Answer 9

formed when two monosaccharides are joined
example: sucrose and maltose

Question 10

polysaccharides

Answer 10

long chains of monosaccharides
example: starch and glycogen (storage)

Question 11

are lipids soluble in water

Answer 11

no

Question 12

3 types of lipids

Answer 12

triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

Question 13

what do triglycerides consist of

Answer 13

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 14

where are triglycerides found

Answer 14

beneath the skin, and serve as insulation and mechanical protection

Question 15

two types of fatty acids

Answer 15

saturated and unsaturated:

Question 16

what are phospholipids

Answer 16

diglycerides primarily used to construct cell membranes

Question 17

two fatty acid tails

Answer 17

non polar, hydrophobic region of the molecule, interacts on with other non polar molecules

Question 18

characteristics of the head

Answer 18

polar, hydrophilic region that interacts with polar molecules, such as water

Question 19

steroids

Answer 19

all derived from cholesterol, and are flat molecules made up of four hydrocarbon interlocking rings
they are used in the body cell membranes and hormones

Question 20

what are proteins

Answer 20

basic structural material of the body and play vital roles in cell function

Question 21

proteins are long chains of ______

Answer 21

amino acids, joined by peptide bonds

Question 22

how many structural levels do proteins have

Answer 22

4

Question 23

primary structure

Answer 23

linear sequence of amino acids

Question 24

secondary structure

Answer 24

proteins twist and turn on themselves, either spiraled alpha helix or beta pleated sheets

Question 25

tertiary strucure

Answer 25

protein folds upon itself to form a ball-like structure

Question 26

quaternary structure

Answer 26

two or more polypeptide chains group together to form a complex protein

Question 27

What is the job of fibrous proteins?

Answer 27

Fibrous proteins provide mechanical support (ex: cytoskeleton, actin, myosin)

Question 28

What are characteristics of fibrous proteins?

Answer 28

extended, strandlike, insoluble molecules

Question 29

What is the job of a globular protein?

Answer 29

Molecules that oversee most cellular functions (ex: lactase)

Question 30

Characteristics of globular protein?

Answer 30

Compact, spherical, water soluble, and chemically active molecules

Question 31

What is protein denaturation?

Answer 31

A loss of the 3-dimensional structure of a protein, leading to a potential loss of function.

Question 32

What environmental factors lead to protein denaturation?

Answer 32

pH, and Temperature

Question 33

What are enzymes?

Answer 33

Proteins that act as biological catalysts.

Question 34

What does it mean for an enzyme to be chemically specific?

Answer 34

It binds only to certain substrates and possesses an active site.

Question 35

Enzymes work by lowering the ______

Answer 35

Activation energy

Question 36

What is an active site?

Answer 36

The location on the protein that catalyzes the reaction.

Question 37

Activation energy is what part of a roller coaster?

Answer 37

Going up the hill

Question 38

What is the job of DNA and RNA?

Answer 38

To store, transmit, and help express genetic information.

Question 39

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 39

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 40

What does RNA stand for?

Answer 40

Ribonucleic acid

Question 41

What is DNA?

Answer 41

The genetic material found within the nucleus.

Question 42

Two primary roles of DNA

Answer 42

To replace itself before cell division and to provide instructions for making all of the proteins

Question 43

Where is RNA located?

Answer 43

Outside of the nucleus

Question 44

what does RNA do?

Answer 44

Used to make proteins using instructions provided by the DNA

Question 45

What are the 3 major types of RNA that participate in protein synthesis?

Answer 45

Messenger, ribosomal, and transfer

Question 46

What does transfer RNA bring?

Answer 46

Amino acids

Question 47

What is a nucleotide?

Answer 47

The structural units of nucleic acids.

Question 48

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

Answer 48

Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

Question 49

What 2 nitrogenous bases are purines and how many rings do they have?

Answer 49

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G), contain 2 rings

Question 50

What 3 nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines and how many rings do they have?

Answer 50

Cytosine (c) Thymine (T) and uracil (U), contains 1 ring

Question 51

Shape of DNA

Answer 51

Double stranded double helix

Question 52

What are the bonding pairs in DNA?

Answer 52

A-T G-C

Question 53

Structure of RNA

Answer 53

Single stranded

Question 54

What does the structure of RNA contain?

Answer 54

The nitrogenous bases A, G, C, and U, and the sugar Ribose

Question 55

What bases pair in RNA

Answer 55

G-C A-U

Question 56

ATP transfers energy to other _____

Answer 56

Compounds

Question 57

what is ATP used for in the cell?

Answer 57

Primary energy

Question 58

What is ATP?

Answer 58

An adenine-containing RNA nucleotide that has two additional phosphate groups attached, connected by high-energy bonds.

Question 59

How is energy transferred from ATP to other systems in cells?

Answer 59

Phosphorylation

Question 60

What is phosphorylation

Answer 60

Removal of the terminal phosphate from ATP and binding it to other compounds

Question 61

what are lipids for

Answer 61

membrane

Question 62

what are proteins for

Answer 62

doing the work in reactions

Question 63

what are nucleic acids for

Answer 63

code

Question 64

What is transport work?

Answer 64

Activates the transporter, which then moves molecules across the membrane

Question 65

What is mechanical work?

Answer 65

Allows interactions that result in the shortening of the cell

Question 66

What is chemical work?

Answer 66

Provides energy to power energy-absorbing reactions.

Question 67

what does saturated mean

Answer 67

having only single bonds between adjacent carbons

Question 68

what does unsaturated mean

Answer 68

having at least one double bond between a pair of carbons in the chain