bones 🦴

Question 1

human skeleton initially consists of _ ?

Answer 1

cartilage

Question 2

the cartilage gets replaced by _ ?

Answer 2

bone, except where flexibility is needed

Question 3

types of cartilage

Answer 3

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

Question 4

what type of cartilage…
- provides support, flexibility, and resilience
- most abundant
- fibers: collagen
- location: joints, costal cartilage, larynx, nasal cartilage

Answer 4

HYALINE

Question 4

what type of cartilage…
- provides elasticity
- fibers: elastic
- location: external ear and epiglottis

Answer 4

ELASTIC

Question 5

what type of cartilage…
- provides tensile strength
- fibers: collagen
- location: menisci of knee and vertebral discs

Answer 5

FIBROCARTILAGE

Question 6

protection is for…

Answer 6

protect brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

Question 7

bone functions

Answer 7

support
protection
movement
mineral and growth factor storage
blood cell formation
triglyceride storage
hormone production

Question 8

support is for…

Answer 8

body and soft organs

Question 9

movement is for…

Answer 9

levers for muscle action

Question 10

mineral and growth factor storage is for…

Answer 10

calcium and phosphorus

Question 11

blood cell formation is for…

Answer 11

hematopoiesis, red marrow

Question 12

triglyceride storage is for…

Answer 12

fat, used for energy source, yellow marrow

Question 13

hormone production is for…

Answer 13

osteocalcin secreted by bones helps to regulate insulin secretion, glucose levels, and metabolism

Question 14

total # of bones in the body

Answer 14

206

Question 15

location classifications

Answer 15

axial
appendicular

Question 16

long axis of body
ex: skull, vertebral column, rib cage

Answer 16

axial

Question 16

bones of upper and lower limbs
ex: girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton

Answer 16

appendicular

Question 17

shape classifications

Answer 17

long
short
flat
irregular

Question 18

longer than they are wide
ex: limb bones

Answer 18

long bones

Question 19

cube-shaped bones (wrist and ankle)
ex: sesamoid bones (patella)

Answer 19

short bones

Question 20

thin, flat, slightly curved
ex: sternum, scapulae, ribs, skull bones

Answer 20

flat bones

Question 21

complicated shape
ex: vertebrae and hip bones

Answer 21

irregular bones

Question 22

what tissues make bones an organ

Answer 22

bone
nervous
cartilage
fibrous connective
muscle cells
epithelial cells

Question 23

3 levels of structure

Answer 23

gross microscopic chemical

Question 24

dense outer layer appears smooth and solid

Answer 24

compact bone

Question 25

honeycomb are small needle like flat spaces

Answer 25

Trabeculae

Question 26

open spaces are filled with red or yellow marrow

Answer 26

spongy

Question 27

shaft consists of compact bone surrounding central medullar cavity filled with yellow marrow in adults

Answer 27

diaphysis

Question 28

ends external compact internal spongy articular cartilage covers the joint epiphyseal line/plate

Answer 28

epiphysis

Question 29

White double layered Covers external surfaces except joints Contains nerve fibers and blood vessels Anchors tendons and ligaments Has osteogenic cells

Answer 29

periosteum

Question 30

Covers internal bone surface Covers trabeculae of spongy bone Lines canals that pass through compact bone and has osteogenic cells

Answer 30

endosteum

Question 31

found in cavities of spongy bone newborns also found in medullary cavities in adults it is found in the dipole of flat bones - sternum - heads of femur and humerus most active area - HIPS

Answer 31

red marrow

Question 32

-mitotically active and found in periostium and endosteum -differentiates into osteoblasts, bone-lining cells, some remain osteogenic stem cells

Answer 32

osteogenic (aka osteoprogenitor cells)

Question 33

-bone forming cells that deposit unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid which is made up of collagen and calcium binding proteins. -are actively mitotic

Answer 33

osteoblasts

Question 34

collagen makes up ____% of bone protein

Answer 34

90%

Question 35

-mature cells in lacunae -do not divide -respond to mechanical stimuli -communicate info. with osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Answer 35

osteocytes

Question 35

help maintain matrix

Answer 35

bone-lining cells

Question 35

derived from hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages function in bone reassign calcium, bone resorption.

Answer 35

osteoclasts

Question 36

compact bone = ?

Answer 36

lamellar bone

Question 37

compact bone consists of ?

Answer 37

osteon (haversian system) canals and canaliculi -> supply blood and nutrients interstitial and circumferential lamellae -> rings -> network for matrix

Question 38

organized along lines of stress trabeculae give strength no osteons are present capillaries supply nutrients

Answer 38

spongy bone

Question 39

ends out of normal alignment after fracture

Answer 39

Displaced

Question 40

normal position after fracture

Answer 40

Non-displaced

Question 41

broken all the way

Answer 41

Complete

Question 42

not broken all the way

Answer 42

Incomplete

Question 43

skin is not penetrated

Answer 43

Simple - closed

Question 44

skin is penetrated

Answer 44

Compound - open

Question 45

bone fragments into three or more pieces

Answer 45

comminuted

Question 46

bone is crushed

Answer 46

compression

Question 47

ragged break caused by twisting forces applied to bone

Answer 47

spiral

Question 48

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

Answer 48

Epiphyseal

Question 49

broken bone pressed inward most commonly occurs in skull

Answer 49

Depressed

Question 50

incomplete fracture – twig breaking – one side breaks, one side bends

Answer 50

greenstick

Question 51

4 major stages of bone repair

Answer 51

a. Hematoma formation b. Fibrocartilage callus c. Bony callus d. Remodel

Question 52

growth usually stops during

Answer 52

adolescence

Question 53

females age ?

Answer 53

18

Question 54

males age ?

Answer 54

21

Question 55

grows in thickness

Answer 55

throughout entire life in response to muscle activity or added weight

Question 56

What is hematopoiesis?

Answer 56

blood cell production

Question 56

calcium roles in the body

Answer 56

nerve transmission muscle contraction -> heart blood coagulation cell division

Question 56

too much growth hormone = ?

Answer 56

giantism

Question 56

what stimulates the epiphyseal plate activity

Answer 56

growth hormone

Question 56

what hormone regulates growth hormone

Answer 56

thyroid hormone

Question 57

too little growth hormone = ?

Answer 57

dwarfism