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Anatomy and Physiology Adv > central nervous system > Flashcards

central nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

CNS is composed of

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

how many regions does the brain have

A

4
1. cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)
2. diencephalon
3. brain stem
4. cerebellum

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3
Q

gray matter

A

nonmyelinated

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4
Q

white matter

A

myelinated

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5
Q

basic pattern found in CNS

A

central cavity surrounded by gray matter, with white matter external to gray matter

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6
Q

cerebrum and cerebellum have

A

gray on the outside (cortex) surrounding white matter

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7
Q

ventricles

A
  • fluid filled chambers
  • filled with CSF
  • lined by ependymal cells
  • there are 4
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8
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

make up 83% of the mass

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9
Q

markings

A

gyri - ridge
sulci - shallow groove
fissure - deep groove
longitudinal - separates two hemispheres
transverse - separates cerebrum and cerebellum

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10
Q

lobes

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula

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11
Q

sulci divide

A

the lobes

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12
Q

central sulcus

A

divides frontal and parietal

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13
Q

parieto occipital sulcus

A

divides parietal and occipital

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14
Q

lateral sulcus

A

divides frontal and temporal

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15
Q

3 regions of cerebral hemisphere

A
  1. cerebral cortex of gray matter superficially (outer edge)
  2. white matter internally
  3. basal nuclei deep within white matter
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16
Q

cerebral cortex is the

A

executive suite of the brain
site of the conscious mind
- awareness
- sensory reception
- voluntary motor initiation
- communication
- memory storage

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17
Q

thin superficial layer of cerebral cortex

A

2-4mm
gray matter

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18
Q

considerations of the cerebral cortex

A
  • 3 types of functional areas
  • each hemisphere is concerned with the contralateral/opposite side of the body
  • lateralization (specialization) of function can only occur in one hemisphere
  • conscious behavior involves entire cortex
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19
Q

3 functional areas

A
  1. motor - controlling voluntary movement
  2. sensory - conscious awareness of sensation
  3. association - integrate diverse information
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20
Q

motor areas

A
  • located in frontal lobe
  • act to control voluntary movement
  • primary (somatic) motor cortex
  • premotor cortex
  • broca’s area
  • frontal eye field
  • damage to areas of primary motor cortex result in no movement/paralysis
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21
Q

primary (somatic) motor cortex

A
  • located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
  • pyramidal cells allow conscious control of precise, skilled skeletal muscle movements
  • tracts project down spinal cord
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22
Q

premotor cortex

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A
  • helps plan movement
  • controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills
  • coordinated simultaneous or sequential actions
23
Q

broca’s area

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A
  • usually in left hemisphere
  • motor speech area; directs the muscles of speech production
24
Q

frontal eye field

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A

controls voluntary eye movement

25
sensory areas
concerned with conscious awareness of sensation - there are 8 main areas
26
8 main areas
1. primary somatosensory cortex 2. somatosensory association cortex 3. visual areas 4. auditory areas 5. vestibular cortex 6. olfactory cortex 7. gustatory cortex 8. visceral sensory cortex
27
primary somatosensory cortex
- located in postcenteal gyrus of parietal lobe - sensory information from skin and proprioceptors - spatial discrimination: identification of body region being stimulated
28
somatosensory association cortex
- posterior to primary somatosensory cortex - integrates sensory inputs from primary somatosensory cortex for understanding of object - determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt
29
visual areas
1. primary visual area - located: posterior tip of occipital lobe - receives visual info from retinas 2. visual association area - interprets visual stimuli (color, form, movement) - complex processing involves entire posterior half of cerebral hemispheres
30
auditory areas
1. primary auditory areas - located: superior margin of temporal lobes - interprets info from, inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location 2. auditory association areas - posterior to primary auditory cortex - stores memories of sounds and permits of sound
31
olfactory cortex
awareness of odors
32
vestibular cortex
awareness of balance
33
gustatory cortex
perception of taste
34
visceral sensory cortex
perception of bladder/stomach/internal organs
35
multimodal association areas
1. receive input from multiple sensory areas 2. sends output to multiple areas 3. allows us to give meaning and store memories 4. sensations, thoughts, and emotions become conscious 5. 3 parts
36
3 parts
1. anterior association area 2. posterior association area 3. limbic association
37
anterior association area
- also called prefrontal cortex - involved with intellect, cognition, recall, personality - contains working memory; judgement, reasoning, and planning
38
limbic association
- provides emotional impact - helps establish memories
39
posterior association area
- recognition of patterns and faces - wernicke's area - understanding written and spoken language
40
lateralization
- hemispheres not identical - cerebral dominance: most are left sided, right handed - left hemisphere controls language, math, and logic - right hemisphere controls visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, artistic and musical skills
41
membrane must depolarize to
15 to 20 mV
42
Na+
permeability increases
43
Na+ moves ___, K+ moves ___
in, out
44
AP are
self propagating
45
AP can travel ONLY in what direction
forward
46
influx of Na+ cause
local currents that open Na+ voltage gates --> domino effect
47
CNS tells difference of weak or strong by
the frequency of impulses
48
what is a refractory period
- when a neuron cannot trigger another AP - voltage gated channels are open
49
absolute refractory period
- from opening of Na+ channels to resetting of channels - ensures its all or none and enforces one way transmission of nerve impulses
50
relative refractory period
- follows ARP - most Na+ channels have returned to resting state - repolarzing is occurring - threshold is elevated - stimulus must be strong to get a new AP
51
rate of propagation depends on
1. axon diameter 2. degree of myelination
52
continuous conduction
speed is slower
53
saltatory conduction
- AP only generated in gaps - electrical signal jumps rapidly from gap to gap

Anatomy and Physiology Adv (8 decks)

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