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Anatomy and Physiology Adv > chemistry comes alive > Flashcards

chemistry comes alive Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and mass

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2
Q

mass

A

the amount of matter in an object

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3
Q

states of matter

A

solid
liquid
gas

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4
Q

what is the capacity to do work

A

energy

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5
Q

forms of energy

A

kinetic and potential

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6
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of movement

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7
Q

potential energy

A

inactive, or stored energy

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8
Q

chemical energy

A

stored in chemical bonds
ex: bonds in food molecules

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9
Q

electrical energy

A

movement of charged particles
ex: when ions move across cell membranes

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10
Q

mechanical energy

A

energy moving matter
ex: muscle contraction

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11
Q

ATP

A

energy molecule for human cells

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12
Q

radiant/electromagnetic energy

A

travels in waves
ex: heat

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13
Q

energy conversions in the body release

A

heat

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14
Q

4 elements that make up 96% of the body weight

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
(CHON)

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15
Q

proton

A

location: nucleus
charge: +
mass: 1

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16
Q

neutron

A

location: nucleus
charge: 0
mass: 1

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17
Q

electron

A

location: outside nucleus/electron cloud
charge: -
mass: 0

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18
Q

elements are identified based on their

A

protons

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19
Q

atomic number = ?

A

the number of protons

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20
Q

the number of electrons = ?

A

protons

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21
Q

the mass number = ?

A

protons + nuetrons

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22
Q

isotopes

A

the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

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23
Q

radioisotopes

A

heavier, unstable isotopes of an element that spontaneously decompose into more stable forms, which produces radioactivity

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24
Q

molecules

A

combination of two or more atoms
ex: O2 -> oxygen
more than one atom

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25
compounds
combination of two or more elements ex: C6H12O6 -> glucose more than one element
26
mixtures
two or more substances that are NOT chemically combined
27
solutions
homogenous (evenly distributed) mixtures
28
solvent
the substance present in the greatest amount
29
solute
substances dissolved in the solvent
30
universal solvent
water
31
concentration
what solutions are described by, often expressed as a percentage, or molarity
32
mixtures vs. compounds
mixtures: - NO chemical bonding occurs between molecules compounds: - chemical bonding is possible between molecules - only homogenous
33
chemical bond
an energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms
34
octet rule
8 is great, creates a full outer shell making it stable
35
ionic bonds
chemical bonds that form between two atoms that transfer one or more electrons from one atom to the other
36
anion
the atom that receives the electron and gains negative charge
37
cation
the atom that loses the electron and acquires a positive charge
38
most ionic compounds form what
salts, and when dry, form crystals that are held together by ionic bonds
39
covalent bonds
occur when pairs of atoms share electrons can be either polar or non-polar
40
polar
unequal sharing of electrons often referred to as a dipole due to the two poles of charges contained in the molecule
41
non-polar
equal sharing of electrons
42
hydrogen bonds
formed when a hydrogen, that is covalently bonded to one atom, is attracted to another electronegative atom responsible for molecular attractions between water molecules that create surface tension responsible for stabilizing the three dimensional shapes of large molecules ex: DNA, proteins, and enzymes
43
synthesis/combination
formation of chemical bonds and are the basis of anabolic, or constructive, processes in cells
44
decomposition
a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by breaking down chemical bonds and is catabolic
45
exchange/displacement
parts of reactants trade places forming new products
46
reduction
special exchange reactions in which electrons are exchanged between reactants: the molecule losing electrons is oxidized and the molecule receiving the electrons is reduced OIL RIG
47
oxidation-reduction reactions
the basis for all reactions in which food is broken down to produce ATP
48
exergonic reactions
often catabolic (catastrophic), energy is released
49
endergonic
often anabolic, result in products that contain more potential energy
50
increases in temperature
increase the rate of a chemical reaction by increasing the kinetic energy
51
higher concentrations of reactants
result in a faster rate of reaction because the likelihood of collisions increases
52
catalysts (enzymes)
increase the rate of a chemicals reaction without taking part in the reaction
53
what percentage of the volume of most living cells is made up of water
60-80%
54
what allows water to absorb and release a great deal of heat before it changes temperature
high heat capacity
55
high heat of vaporization
it takes a great deal of energy (heat) to break the bonds between water molecules
56
what forms a protective cushion around organs of the body
water
57
salts
ionic compounds which dissociate in water and contain cations and anions other than H+ and OH-
58
acids
proton donors that have a sour taste and dissociate in water to yield H+ ions and anions
59
bases
proton acceptors, taste bitter, feel slippery, and absorb H+ ions
60
what are the relative concentration of H+ ions measured in?
concentration units called pH units
61
the greater the concentration of H+ ions...
the more acidic the solution, and the pH value is lower
62
the greater the concentration of hydroxyl ions...
the more basic or alkaline, the solution, resulting in a higher pH value
63
what is the range of the pH scale?
0-14
64
what is the pH of a base?
above 7
65
what is the pH of an acid?
below 7
66
what is the neutral pH?
7
67
when does neutralization occur?
when an acid and a base are mixed together, creating displacement reactions that form a salt and water. (Orange juice and toothpaste example)
68
why are buffers that resist large changes in ph damaging?
it would be damaging to living tissues by releasing H+ when pH rises and binding up H+ when pH drops

Anatomy and Physiology Adv (8 decks)

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