27 Respiratory System, the histology

Question 1

What is the main function of the conducting zone of the respiratory pathway?

Answer 1

To condition air—- humidify, warm, filter

Question 2

The conducting zone begins where? and ends where?

Answer 2

Nasal cavity, bronchioles

Question 3

The respiratory zone starts where? and ends where?

Answer 3

respiratory bronchioles, alveoli

Question 4

what are the two main layers of respiratory mucosa?

Answer 4

respiratory epithelium and lamina propria

Question 5

What type of epithelia covers most of the conducting zone?

Answer 5

ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium

Question 6

What type of cells are found in the respiratory epithelial layer that are small, rounded, on basement membrane, and give the pseudo-stratified appearance?

Answer 6

Basal Cells

Question 7

Rare cells with tuft of microvilli, sensory cells involved in sneezing

Answer 7

brush cells

Question 8

rare cells in respiratory epithelia, form part of neuroendocrine network, regulate mucous serous secretions—unidentifiable in standard histo

Answer 8

granule cells

Question 9

What disease is a genetic mutation of the dynein arms that help move cilia microtubules and cause loss of function?

Answer 9

primary ciliary dyskinesia

Question 10

What layer contains zero-mucous glands that assist in humidifying incoming air?

Answer 10

respiratory submucosa

Question 11

What is the most anterior part of the nose enclosed by alar cartilages?

Answer 11

vestibule

Question 12

What types of cells line the vestibule of the nose?

Answer 12

stratified squamous epithelia

Question 13

What is the name of hair in the vestibule of nose?

Answer 13

vibrissae

Question 14

What type of tissue lines the superior concha as opposed to the middle/inferior concha?

Answer 14

olfactory mucosa as opposed to respiratory mucosa

Question 15

venous component of inferior/middle concha that enlarges with blood to temporarily block blood flow?

Answer 15

swell bodies

Question 16

what are the 3 types of cells in olfactory epithelium?

Answer 16

basal cells (stem population), sustentacular cells (support neurons), and olfactory neurons (bipolar)

Question 17

What type of gland is found in lamina propria of the olfactory mucosa?

Answer 17

glands of bowman- fluid to wash away odors

Question 18

What portion of the nasopharynx is not lines with respiratory mucosa?

Answer 18

soft palate portion–stratified squamous epithelium (resemble oral cavity)

Question 19

Which laryngeal cartilage is not formed by hyaline cartilage?

Answer 19

epiglottis

Question 20

What fold forms laryngeal entrance?

Answer 20

aryepiglottic fold

Question 21

During normal breathing, are the vocal folds abducted or adducted?

Answer 21

fully abducted

Question 22

True or False- The trachea lacks zero-mucous glands in the submucosa?

Answer 22

False

Question 23

Are the tracheal cartilage rings incomplete posteriorly or anteriorly?

Answer 23

Posteriorly—they prevent collapse of trachea during breathing

Question 24

the band of smooth muscle that connects the lateral edges of tracheal cartilages?

Answer 24

trachealis muscle

Question 25

When is the tracheal is muscle relaxed? when is it contracted?

Answer 25

swallowing (relaxed), coughing (contracted)

Question 26

Bronchi have what layer surrounding them that the trachea did not?

Answer 26

smooth muscle

Question 27

True of False- The secondary bronchi supply a bronchopulmonary segment?

Answer 27

false- Tertiary bronchi does while the secondary supply a lobe

Question 28

Where does a transition in epithelium take place in the respiratory pathway?

Answer 28

bronchioles

Question 29

what cells are lost in the bronchioles?

Answer 29

1. ciliated pseudo stratified goes to ciliated cuboidal
2. goblet cells diminish and clara cells arise (GAGs secretion)
3. Glands

Question 30

True or False–Bronchioles are surrounded by cartilage?

Answer 30

false

Question 31

Lamina propria of bronchioles is comprised mostly of what?

Answer 31

smooth muscle

Question 32

What type of bronchiole is the very last in the conduction zone?

Answer 32

terminal bronchioles

Question 33

Is asthmas bronchoconstriction a paraSNA or SNA?

Answer 33

parasympathetic that can be reversed by sympathetics

Question 34

the walls of alveolar ducts are composed of ?

Answer 34

alveoli- rims have smooth muscles that eventually disappear as you go deeper

Question 35

The walls of adjacent alveoli form what?

Answer 35

highly vascularized inter-alveolar septum (Oxygen diffuses here)

Question 36

What are the 3 structures of the blood air barrier?

Answer 36

1 squamous alveolar cell
2 basal lamina
3 capillary endothelial cell

Question 37

What is the purpose of the great alveolar cell?

Answer 37

1. surfactant-reduce surface tension (prevent collapse)

2. Antibacterial agent

Question 38

What cells not directly involved in oxygen absorption/brathing mechanisms are found heavily in alveoli?

Answer 38

macrophages

Question 39

What disease is from lack of surfactant in infants?>

Answer 39

respiratory stress syndrome

Question 40

How do macrophages play a role in diagnosis of congestive heart failure?

Answer 40

too much blood in alveoli- macrophages phagocytose- iron pigment (hemosiderin)- detected in sputum

Question 41

The squamous alveolar cell is what type of pneumocyte?

Answer 41

Type 1

Question 42

The great alveolar cell is what type of pneumocyte?

Answer 42

Type 2–Lamellar bodies- protein/lipid