Chapter 17: Enlightenment

Question 0

Bernard de Fontenelle

Answer 0

Spread the ideas of the scientific revolution
Secretary of the French Royal Academy of Science
Deep understanding of science
Wrote the fiction “Plurality of World” to explain modern cosmology

Question 1

Immanuel Kant

Answer 1

German philosopher

Emphasized “Dare to know” which meant break free of tradition and use your own mind to make discoveries

Question 2

Pierre Bayle

Answer 2

Protestant
Believed in complete religious toleration
Wrote “historical and critical dictionary” which attacked many religious beliefs and heroes

Question 3

Charles Louis Montesquieu

Answer 3

Believed in Checks and Balances to balance power
Used scientific method with social and political ideas
was french nobility

Question 4

Voltaire

Answer 4

was a great writer
Felt strongly about french injustice
thought that England was much better
Strong feelings on freedom of thought, political and religious freedom
Believed that god had no direct contact with the world he created (deism)

Question 5

Denis Diderot

Answer 5

Attacked Christianity as a bad and absurd religion

wrote the encyclopedia which changed the mindset of many of religious toleration and superstition

Question 6

Herbert of Cherbury & Deism

Answer 6

Deism is the idea that god created the world but doesnt have an active contact with the world he just lets it run as a machine

Question 7

David Hume

Answer 7

The pioneer for the science of man

Question 8

Francois Quesnay

Answer 8

Leader of the Physiocrats
Wanted to find the natural economic laws that governed society
Believed that agriculture was the true source of wealth, thought government should stay out of trade aka mercantilism = bad

Question 9

Adam Smith

Answer 9

Wrote wealth of nations
Thought that mercantilism was bad, free trade was fundamental, labor was the true source of wealth,
Created economic liberalism: the economic liberty of an individual

Question 10

Condorcet & Baron d’Holbach

Answer 10

Strong atheist/materialist
Believed that god was merely a creation of the human mind
All humans are machines

Question 11

Jean Jaques Rousseau

Answer 11

Believed in educations should go with where you heart leads you
Made the social contract that said that the majority ruled
Wrote the social contract

Question 12

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 12

Huge feminist
Pointed out the contradictions of Rousseau’s work
saying that women shouldn’t be like slaves and that women deserved equal rights

Question 13

Marie Therese de Geoffrin

Answer 13

Hosted Salons and allowed the encyclopedia to be worked on in secret via her house

Question 14

Jacques Louis David

Answer 14

Neoclassical artist

Oath of Horatii

Question 15

Johann Sebastian Bach

Answer 15

Directed church music at the Church of Saint Thomas
Music was to honor god according to Bach
Part of the new spread of classical music and the opera

Question 16

George Fredrick Handel

Answer 16

Wrote large unusual sounding pieces
Wrote the Messiah
Wrote for large audiences

Question 17

Franz Joseph Haydn

Answer 17

Spent much of his life as a musical director

Used England as inspiration to write for the common people as opposed to just the nobility

Question 18

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Answer 18

Child prodigy
Could never find a permanent patron
Wrote The Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni
Considered a genius of music

Question 19

Edward Gibbon

Answer 19

Thought the collapse of Rome was due to the growth of Christianity

Question 20

Cesare Beccaria

Answer 20

Wrote On Crimes and Punishment
Thought the death penalty was used to often and to widely
Didn’t believe in torture to reveal guilt
Thought imprisonment to take away freedom was a good method of punishment

Question 21

Count Von Zinzendorf

Answer 21

Lead the pietism movement which emphasized the personal experience of god
Completely opposed to rationalist religion

Question 22

John Wesley

Answer 22

Started the Methodist religion
Relied on mystical experience for salvation
Appealed to the lower classes

Question 23

Gottfried Leibniz

Answer 23

Worked with Winkelman

Invented calculus without newton

Question 24

George Berkeley

Answer 24

Immaterialism is the only way to secure common sense was science + religion against skepticism
Major influence in calculus