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Biology > 2nd Semester Final > Flashcards

2nd Semester Final Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What is one reason common names are not useful to biologists

A

they can apply to more than one animal

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2
Q

One goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name according to the system known as _____

A

binomial nomenclature

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3
Q

According to the rules of binomial nomenclature, which of the terms is capitalized?

A

The genus name only

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4
Q

Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio do NOT belong to the same _____

A

species

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5
Q

The second part of a scientific name is unique to each _____

A

species in its genus

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6
Q

Often, the second part of a scientific name is what?

A

a description of a trait or habitat

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7
Q

Which are the two highest level taxa in the Linnaean system?

A

Phylum and kingdom

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8
Q

What is the grouping of organisms based on their common descent called?

A

evolutionary classification

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9
Q

In biology, a trait that arose in an ancestor and is passed along to its descendants is referred to as a _____

A

derived character

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10
Q

All organisms in the kingdom Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia are _____

A

eukaryotes

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11
Q

Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin?

A

Fungi

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12
Q

What is the domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments?

A

Archaea

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13
Q

Viruses…

A

vary greatly in size and structure

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14
Q

Unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do NOT _____

A

lyse the host cell right away

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15
Q

The instructions for making new copies of a virus are _____

A

coded in either RNA or DNA

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16
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

By destroying cells or affecting cellular processes

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17
Q

During a lytic infection, the host cell _____

A

is destroyed when it bursts

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18
Q

What is the basic structure of a virus?

A

DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

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19
Q

Viral diseases can be prevented with _____

A

vaccines but not treated with antibiotics

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20
Q

What is the outer protein coat of a virus called?

A

capsid

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21
Q

What three materials make up many viruses?

A

Proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

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22
Q

Viral infections can be prevented by vaccines, which are _____

A

preparations of weakened or killed viruses

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23
Q

A lytic infection concludes with the _____

A

bursting of the host cell

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24
Q

What is a prophage made of?

A

viral DNA

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25
Bacteria and archaea differ in _____
the makeup of their cell walls
26
What does a coccus bacterial cell look like?
spherical
27
Which of the following can survive either with oxygen or without it?
Facultative anaerobes
28
During what process do prokaryotes exchange genetic information?
Conjugation
29
Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and wastes are called _____
decomposers
30
How do bacteria cause disease?
By destroying cells and releasing toxins
31
Bacteria that cause disease are called _____
pathogens
32
An unknown disease or a well-known disease that suddenly becomes harder to control is called
an emerging disease
33
What might people do to prevent the development of more superbugs?
They should use antibiotics only when necessary
34
What kind of pathogen causes clumps of misfolded proteins to form in the brain?
prion
35
Prions differ from viruses because _____
prions contain no DNA or RNA
36
What are protists?
Single-celled eukaryotes that are not members of the plant, fungi or animal Kingdoms.
37
What is a pseudopod?
Temporary projection of cytoplasm that causes the cytoplasm to flow forward propelling the organism forward.
38
Who uses pseudopods
ameba
39
What are flagella
Long structures supported by microtubules that spin like propellers or whip back and forth to produce movement.
40
What is conjugation?
Exchange of genetic information and then the cell goes into mitosis.
41
what does a cell do after conjugation
goes into mitosis
42
what is an example of conjugation
paramecium
43
What is alternation of generations
2 different life cycles and structures alternate between haploid and diploid stages
44
How do water molds reproduce
asexually by producing sporangium that contain spores
45
phytoplankton carry out _____ of the photosynthesis on earth
half
46
small, free floating organismm that are found at the surface of oceans and lakes
phytoplankton
47
what is the primary food source for water life like whales
phytoplankton
48
how do amoebas capture and digest food
through the use of pseudopods that form food vacuoles to temporarily store food until it is broken down by lysosomes
49
Slime molds are _____ that form _____ that have many nuclei called _____ that absorb _____ for nutrients through their _____.
individual amebo forms large structures plasmodium molecules cell walls and membranes
50
Trypanosoma are _____ that causes _____.
flagellated protist African sleeping sickness
51
Are fungus heterotrophic or autotrophic
heterotrophic
52
are fungus eukaryotic or prokaryotic
eukaryotic
53
Fungus-Heterotrophic eukaryotes with _____
cell walls that contain chitin
54
What is the fruiting body?
reproductive structure of a fungus made of hyphae that grows from the mycelium (common mushroom figure)
55
What is the mycelium
tangled Mass of branching hyphae below the soil
56
can you see the mycelium
no it remains below the soils and is not visible
57
how do fungi return nutrients and trace elements that plants remove from the soil
by breaking down plants and dead material fungi
58
why do fungi break down plants and dead material
to return nutrients and trace elements that plants remove from the soil
59
lichens are a _____ between a _____ and a _____
mutualistic fungus photosynthetic organism
60
mycorrhizae are a _____ relationship between a _____ and a _____ especially _____
mutualistic fungus green plant at the root
61
what is the mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a green plant called? how is this relationship mutualistic
Mycorrhizae The hyphae collect water and minerals and bring them to the roots increasing surface area and speed the growth of the plant.
62
Lichens are a _____ association between a _____ and a _____
mutualistic fungus photosynthetic organism
63
What organism is able to survive in harsh environments and usually is the first organism to invade a barren environment
lichen
64
How do plants use sunlight?
they use the energy from sunlight that is captured by the leaves to carry on photosynthesis
65
What were the ancestors of plants?
water dwelling organisms similar to single celled green algae
66

Biology (13 decks)

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