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Final Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three parts of the cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are
    composed of cells.
  2. Cells are the basic units
    of structure and function
    in all living things.
  3. All cells come from
    preexisting cells.
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2
Q

All cells come from _____

A

preexisting cells

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3
Q

How would you be able to recognize a prokaryotic cell under a microscope?

A

It doesn’t have a nucleus
DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm
They do not disclose their DNA information in a nuclei

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4
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Contains and stores the DNA

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5
Q

What is the relationship between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?

A

The nucleus is suspended in the cytoplasm

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6
Q

What organelle breaks down other organelles and other cells?

A

Lysosomes

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7
Q

What plant organelle stores salts and water?

A

Vacuoles

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8
Q

What structure makes proteins and where are these made?

A

Ribosomes; they are made in the nucleolus

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9
Q

What organellle modifies and sorts and packages proteins?

A

Golgi apparatus

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10
Q

What organelle converts chemical energy in food to compounds that the cell can use to make energy?

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

How is the cell wall different from the cell membrane?

A
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12
Q

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

A

It regulates what enters and leaves the cell and supports and protects the cell

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13
Q

Where are protein synthesizers made and where are most of them located?

A

ribosomes and most of them are located in muscle tissue

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14
Q

What is the largest structure in a plant cell?

A

Central Vacuole

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15
Q

The movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy.

A

Passive Transport

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16
Q

The process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of high to lower concentration

A

Diffusion

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17
Q

olecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels (carrier molecules).

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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18
Q

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A

Osmosis

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19
Q

The concentration of solute molecules is the same inside and outside the cell.

A

Isotonic solution

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20
Q

The solution has a higher solute concentration than solute concentration inside the cell.

A

Hypertonic Solution

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21
Q

The movement of molecules against a concentration difference from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. REQUIRES ENERGY!

A

Active transport

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22
Q

A vesicle forms that large molecules, clumps of food or complete cells can be surrounded by and then forms a vacuole to pull the item into the cell. (Bulk Transport)

A

Endocytosis

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23
Q

The forcing out of substances from the cell membrane using vacuoles and vesicles.

A

Exocytosis

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24
Q

Large solids are taken into the cell.

A

Phagocytosis

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25
Large liquids are taken in the cell.
Pinocytosis
26
Group of similar cells that perform a similar function
Tissue
27
Group of tissues that work together.
Organ
28
Group of organs that work to complete the system.
Organ System
29
To respond a cell must have a _____ that the signal binds to.
Receptor
30
What has to be true in order for diffusion to occur?
Water molecules will move in and out of the cell at the same rate
31
What term do you use to describe no change in solution concentration level in the cell or solution?
Equilibrium
32
ATP consists of:
an adenine a 5 carbon sugar called ribose and 3 phosphate groups
33
_____ is released when the bond between _____ is broken thus creating ADP.
Energy the second and third phosphate groups of ATP
34
What do you call light absorbing molecules.
Photosynthetic Pigments
35
Where do you find Chlorophyll pigments
in the thylakoid membranes
36
_____ absorbs light energy causing the electrons to do what?
Chlorophyll become energized
37
A compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule.
Electron Carrier-(NADP+)-
38
Electron Carrier-(_____)-A compound that can accept _____ and transfer them, along with _____, to another molecule.
NADP+ a pair of high energy electrons most of their energy
39
Uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide(reactants) into high-energy 6 carbon sugars and oxygen (products).
Photosynthesis
40
Photosynthesis - Uses the energy of sunlight to convert _____ into.
water and carbon dioxide high-energy 6 carbon sugars and oxygen
41
What are the reactants in photosynthesis?
water and carbon dioxide
42
What are the products of photosynthesis?
high-energy 6 carbon sugars and oxygen
43
What is the Balanced photosynthesis Equation (short)
6CO2 + 6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2 (draw using the suns energy and in the presence of chlorophyll)
44
What is the Balanced photosynthesis Equation (long)
The photosynthesis equation os six carbon molecules react with six water molecules using the sun's energy in the presence of chlorophyll to produce one glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules.
45
Light dependent reaction takes place in _____
the thylakoids membranes.
46
Light Dependent Reaction - Uses energy from _____ to produce _____ and convert _____ into _____ _____.
sunlight oxygen ADP and NADP+ the energy carriers ATP and NADPH
47
Uses energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.
Light Dependent Reaction
48
Chemiosmosis - Movement of the _____ across the _____ causes the _____ to spin and bind a phosphate group to _____ to create _____.
H+ ion membrane ATP synthase ADP ATP
49
Movement of the H+ ion across the membrane causes the ATP synthase to spin and bind a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP.
Chemiosmosis
50
Light Independent Reaction is known as what
the Calvin cycle
51
Light Independent Reaction - ATP and NADPH from LD is used to create _____ in _____
high energy sugars the stroma of the chloroplast.
52
When are ATP and NADPH used to create high energy sugars in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Light Independent Reaction
53
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
calorie
54
Cells prefer to break down bonds gradually and use the stored energy to _____
produce other compounds like ATP
55
Cells prefer to break down bonds
gradually
56
What is the Balanced cellular respiration Equation (short)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
57
What is the Balanced cellular respiration Equation (long)
The chemical equation for cellular respiration is one glucose molecule reacts with six oxygen molecules to produce six carbon dioxide molecules, six water molecules, and ATP.
58
What are the reactants of cellular respiration?
glucose and oxygen
59
What are the products of cellular respiration?
carbon dioxide water energy (ATP)
60
What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration (in order)
Glycolysis The Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain
61
Pathways that require oxygen. (in air)
Aerobic
62
When is glucose transformed into pyruvic acid?
Glycolysis
63
What happens during Glycolysis?
glucose is transformed into pyruvic acid
64
There is a net gain of __ ATP per molecule of glucose in ATP production
2
65
In ATP production, what is the net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose?
2 ATP
66
Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting steps. Oxygen has to be present.
Krebs Cycle
67
Krebs Cycle - _____ is broken down into _____ in a series of energy-extracting steps.
Pyruvic acid carbon dioxide
68
What must be present during the Krebs Cycle?
Oxygen has to be present
69
Every time the electrons move, _____ move, thus ATP is created by _____.
H+ ions ATP synthase
70
What percentage of a glucose molecule becomes ATP
38%
71
How many ATP molecules come from each stage of Cellular Respiration
2 from glycolysis 2 from Krebs Cycle 34 from Electron Transport Chain
72
When is NAD+ is regenerated so glycolysis can continue?
fermentation
73
In fermentation, _____ is regenerated so _____ can continue.
NAD+ glycolysis
74
What are the two forms of fermentation:
Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation
75
The larger the cell becomes there is a greater demand on what?
the DNA
76
What size cell carries out more activities
A larger cell
77
Why does the cell copy all DNA?
so each cell has the exact same amount of original DNA.
78
What do cells do to ensure each cell has the exact same amount of original DNA.
The cell copies all DNA
79
In _____ reproduction, the offspring is genetically identical to the single parent
asexual
80
In asexual reproduction there is no _____ so no _____
exchange of DNA information genetic diversity
81
_____ reproduction provides genetic diversity for the continuation of species
Sexual
82
Sexual reproduction provides genetic diversity for the _____
continuation of species
83
Interphase has three phases and then is followed by _____.
cell division
84
What are the three phases of interphase?
G1 phase S phase G2 phase
85
What happens in G1 Phase?
cells increase in size there is intense growth and activity
86
cells increase in size and there is intense growth and activity in which phase?
G1 phase
87
What phase are centrioles duplicated?
G1 phase
88
What phase is new DNA synthesized when the chromosomes replicate
S phase
89
What phase is the process of mitosis?
M phase
90
What phase are chromosomes are now visible
m phase
91
What order do the phases of mitosis go?
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
92
Which phase of mitosis is the longest phase?
prophase
93
In prophase, _____ (_____) attach at the _____ (_____.)
duplicated strands (sister chromatid) center (centromere)
94
In _____, the centrioles begin to move to opposite poles and the spindle (microtubules) connect between them.
prophase
95
What happens to the centrioles during prophase?
They begin to move to opposite poles
96
What phase does the spindle connect between the centrioles?
prophase
97
What do the chromatids do in metaphase?
they attach to the middle of the spindle at their centromeres.
98
In anaphase, the _____ helps the sister chromatids separate at the centromere.
spindle
99
What do the chromosomes do in telophase?
the chromosomes unwind and are no longer visible.
100
When are the chromosomes no longer visible
telophase
101
What phase(s) do chromosomes show?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase
102
What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?
the cytoplasm is pinched in two equal parts.
103
What happens during cytokinesis in plant cells?
a cell plate forms in between the rigid cell wall.
104
What is the difference between cytokinesis in plant cells vs animal cells?
Animal cells: - The cell membrane is drawn inward. - The cytoplasm is pinched in two equal parts. - Each part contains its own nucleus and organelles and DNA. - The two cells are identical and begin interphase. Plant cells: - A cell plate forms in between the rigid cell wall. - The cell plate forms a cell membrane that divides the two daughter cells. - A cell wall then forms.
105
the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell
hypotonic solution
106
what is also known as the Calvin cycle?
light-independent reaction
107
What are the products of glycolysis
2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvic acid

Biology (13 decks)

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