2rm

Question 1

What are the 4 types of experiment?

describe them

Answer 1

lab- controlled exp
field- natural env, researcher does manipulate IV
natural- change is made, but not by researcher
quasi- observe variables that already exist

Question 2

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of lab exp

Answer 2

control ext var

lacks mundane realism decrease eco val

Question 3

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of field exp

Answer 3

realistic, natural behaviour

cant control ext var

Question 4

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of natural exp

Answer 4

allows research where cant change IV bc ethics

no iv manipulated, hard to establish cause and effect

Question 5

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of quasi

Answer 5

compare types of people- old and young

no IV manipulated, hard to establish cause and effect

Question 6

What are the three types of observation

describe them

Answer 6

naturalistic vs controlled- no interference vs lab exp
covert vs overt- dont know vs do know being observed
participant vs non participant- observer does vs doesnt participate in exp

Question 7

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of natural observation

Answer 7

no demand ch, high eco val

no iv manipulated =, hard cause and effect

Question 8

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of controlled observation

Answer 8

c and e

artificial

Question 9

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of covert observation

Answer 9

decrease demand ch

unethical

Question 10

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of participant observation

Answer 10

can collect qualitative data

have to rely on memory

Question 11

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of non-participant observation

Answer 11

less likely demand ch

more detached, less easy to understand

Question 12

what are the 2 self-report techniques

Answer 12

questionnaire

interview- unstructured + structured

Question 13

what numbers is a correlation coefficient between

Answer 13

-1 and +1

Question 14

what are the 4 things to avoid when creating a questionnaire

Answer 14

ambiguity
double negatives
bias
leading qus

Question 15

what should you use to check a questionnaire before putting it in a study?

Answer 15

a pilot study

Question 16

define content analysis

Answer 16

analyse qualitative data
by looking for themes
and grouping into categories
which can be coded, counted and compared

Question 17

what is a case study

Answer 17

in depth study of individual/small group

producing qualitative data

Question 18

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of case studies

Answer 18

produce qualitative in depth rich data

may not generalise to wider population, cant replicate

Question 19

what is a null hypothesis

Answer 19

stating there will be no effect/association correlation

its due to chance

Question 20

whats the difference between population and sample?

Answer 20

population= the people you're interested in studying
sample= the people you actually study

Question 21

how would you do a random sample?

Answer 21

write down

put in container

name drawn at random and assigned to group 1

second drawn and assigned to group 2

continue process until (half) in both

Question 22

what is systematic sampling?

Answer 22

predetermined system to select ps

e.g. every third one

Question 23

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of random samplin

Answer 23

unbiased

may not be fully representative

Question 24

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of systematic sampling?

Answer 24

unbiased

?

Question 25

what is stratified sampling

Answer 25

sample ps in proportion to occurance in population

Question 26

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of stratified sampling

Answer 26

representative/proportional | time consuming

Question 27

What is oppertunity sampling?

Answer 27

select ps bassed on their availability

Question 28

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of oppertunity sampling

Answer 28

quick easy | in same place at same time, likely not random

Question 29

what is volunteer sampling?

Answer 29

ps volunteer to take part

Question 30

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of volunteer sampling

Answer 30

? | May all have common e.g. all extravents

Question 31

what is a pilot study and what is its purpose?

Answer 31

small scale study, before main one | to check/improve design/procedure

Question 32

what are the 3 types of experimental design?

Answer 32

repeated measures independent groups matched pairs

Question 33

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of repeated measures

Answer 33

no p variables | order effects

Question 34

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of independant groups design?

Answer 34

no order effects | more ps needed (need 1 for each condition)

Question 35

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of matched pairs design?

Answer 35

limits participant variables | time consuming, difficult to perfect matches

Question 36

what are the 2 types of observational design?

Answer 36

time sampling | event sampling

Question 37

what are behavioural categories?

Answer 37

operationalising behaviour

Question 38

what is the difference between time sampling and event sampling?

Answer 38

``` time= record b in given time frame event= count number of times certain b occur**** ```

Question 39

what are the iv dv and control variables?

Answer 39

iv-what you change dv- what you measure cv- what you keep the same

Question 40

define extraneous variables

Answer 40

factors other than the iv that may affect the dv if not control for

Question 41

what is the name for an extraneous variable that does affect the results/dv?

Answer 41

confounding variable

Question 42

what does 'operationalising variables' mean?

Answer 42

objective definition of variables enabling easy replication + quantitative data

Question 43

what are demand characteristics? how would you contnrol for them?

Answer 43

ps alter b bc being observed | reduced by single blind technique

Question 44

what are investigator effects? how do we control for them?

Answer 44

researcher sactions may affect findings bc they know aims and expectations reduce by double blind technique + standardised procedures

Question 45

what are the 5 ethical issues?

Answer 45

``` deception informed consent protection fron harm right to withdraw confidentiality ```

Question 46

what is peer review?

Answer 46

other psychologists working in similar field check research before published consider validity origionality significance

Question 47

give 2 examples of implications of psychological research for the economy

Answer 47

ssri's= good | bowlby=bad

Question 48

what are the 2 ways of assessing reliability?

Answer 48

test-retest method= same ps same test on 2 occasions | inter-observer reliability= check consistency of 2 independant researchers results

Question 49

what is reliability?

Answer 49

the consistency of measurements same result again and again (replicability leads to reliability)

Question 50

what are the four types of validity?

Answer 50

face concurrent ecological temporal

Question 51

what are the 4 features of science?

Answer 51

objectivity+empirical method replicability+falsifiability theory construction+hypothesiis testing paradigms+paradigm shifts

Question 52

what is falsifiability?

Answer 52

being able to be proven false

Question 53

what is a paradigm? does psychology have a paradigm?

Answer 53

a shared set of methods/assumptions- psychology doesn't have a paradigm bc it has conflicting approaches

Question 54

what are the 6 sections of a scientific report?

Answer 54

``` abstractintro method results discussion referencing ```

Question 55

define quantitative data

Answer 55

objective numerical

Question 56

define qualitative data

Answer 56

language, verbal written descriptions

Question 57

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of quantitative data?

Answer 57

can use stats | harder to apply to real life

Question 58

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of qualitative data?

Answer 58

detailed, increase external validity | hard to analyse, sometimes subjective

Question 59

what is primary data

Answer 59

first hand data collected by the researcher specifically for the research bein carried out

Question 60

what are the 3 measures of central tendancy?

Answer 60

mean median mode

Question 61

what are the 2 measures of dispersion?

Answer 61

range | standard deviation

Question 62

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of range

Answer 62

easy to calculate | affected by extremes

Question 63

what is 1 strength and 1 limitation of standard deviation

Answer 63

most sensitive measure, unaffected by extremes | complicated to complicate

Question 64

what are the 3 levels of measurement?

Answer 64

nominal - categories ordinal - numerical, can be ordered, intervals between numbers aren't the same interval- on a scale

Question 65

what is content analysis?

Answer 65

method of analysing qualitative data (from observations and interviews) by looking for themes and grouping into categories which can be coded counted and compared

Question 66

what is a type 1 error

Answer 66

claiming the results are significant when theyre not; theyre actually due to chance

Question 67

what is a type 2 error

Answer 67

claiming the results aren't significant when they are

Question 68

describe how you would conduct a thematic analysis. (4)

Answer 68

identify themes (give example of theme) repeatedly listen to segments of the recording count the number of occurrences of each of the categories/themes.

Question 69

what correlation do researchers usually accept as having reliability?

Answer 69

0.8

Question 70

name all of the deterministic approaches.

Answer 70

``` behaviourist slt cognitive biological psychodynamic ```

Question 71

what type of determinism is the behaviourist approach?

Answer 71

environmental

Question 72

how is slt soft determinism?

Answer 72

because you choose your models | but its environmentally deterministic bc your models behaviour determines your behaviour

Question 73

which side of the nature-nurture debate is the behaviourist approach and why?

Answer 73

nurture | association + reinforcement

Question 74

which side of the nature-nurture debate is the cognitive approach and why?

Answer 74

both | brain innate structures e.g. schema + stimuli that affect them

Question 75

which side of the nature-nurture debate is the psychodynamic approach and why?

Answer 75

both | instinct + parents

Question 76

name all the approaches that are nomothetic

Answer 76

behaviourism slt cognitive biological

Question 77

name all the approaches that are idiographic

Answer 77

psychodynamic | humanistic

Question 78

how is the behaviourist approach reductionist?

Answer 78

reduces behaviour to stimulus and response

Question 79

is social learning theory reductionist or holistic?

Answer 79

reductionist | ignores motivation and emotion

Question 80

how is the cognitive approach reductionist?

Answer 80

machine reductionism

Question 81

which two approaches are holistic?

Answer 81

psychodynamic | humanistic