Rm

Question 1

2 pros of stratified sampling

Answer 1

increases representation by sampling all subsets proportionally
reduces research bias as the subsets of students are selected randomly.

Question 2

What is primary data? (2)

Answer 2

original data/first hand response of the participants in the research.
collected specifically for the research being carried out

Question 3

What is the difference between a field and a natural experiment?

Answer 3

Natural= researcher does NOT change IV
Field= researcher does change IV

Question 4

How do you calculate percentage decrease?

Answer 4

find the difference in the two numbers
divide that by the original number
times it by a hundred

Question 5

What is meant by peer review? (3)

Answer 5

other psychologists check the research report before deciding whether it could be published
independent scrutiny by other psychologists working in a similar field
work is considered in terms of its validity, significance and originality

Question 6

Explain one problem with questionnaires. (3)

Answer 6

Likely to lead to socially desirable answers/lying
So wouldn’t reflect what actually happens
So data would lack validity

Question 7

One problem with volunteer sample? (2)

Answer 7

Sample is biased- more confident people likely to volunteer

could affect the results

Question 8

How to random sample. (3)

Answer 8

All volunteers names written down
put in a container
assign alternate name to each condition

Question 9

Name one benefit of using matched pairs design. (1)

Answer 9

reduces participant variables

Question 10

Name one disadvantage of using the median? (1)

Answer 10

• Any outlier values/extreme values (such as the scores of 50) would be ignored/would not form
part of the average measurement.
• Less sensitive than the mean.
• It does not represent all the findings

Question 11

Name two benefits of using a questionnaire. (2)

Answer 11

Quick and convenient

easy to replicate/store/collate

Question 12

What are the three types of experimental design? (3)

Answer 12

Independent groups
Matched pairs
Repeated measures

Question 13

pro and con of participant observation (2)

Answer 13

high eco val, qualitative data

have to rely on memory, emotional investment

Question 14

When using repeated measures, what should you always do? (1)

Answer 14

Counterbalancing

Question 15

Give two positives of using the mean. (2)

Answer 15

Representative of all data

Most sensitive measure of central tendency

Question 16

Two reasons why you should counterbalance. (3)

Answer 16

Reduce order effects

Allows order effects to be evenly distributed over both conditions

Question 17

what is the difference between a type 1 error and a type 2 error?`

Answer 17

type 1 is claiming results were significant when they werent

type 2 is claiming they werent when they were

Question 18

What is reliability (1)

Answer 18

Refers to the consistancy of measurements

Question 19

What is the acronym for choosing a statistical test?

Answer 19

Carrots should come mashed with Swede under roast potatoes

Question 20

What is systematic sampling?

Answer 20

use a predetermined system (e.g. every third person in list) to select participants

Question 21

what is an advantage of systematic sampling?

Answer 21

unbiased

Question 22

what is a disadvantage of systematic sampling?

Answer 22

not truly random because p’s could have something in common by chance still

Question 23

give 1 limitation of stratified sampling.

Answer 23

time consuming to select participants

Question 24

What is opportunity sampling?

Answer 24

selecting participants based on their availability e.g. on the highstreet at the time of the observation

Question 25

what is one strength of opportunity sampling?

Answer 25

easiest method as takes less time to locate sample of p's

Question 26

what is one weakness of opportunity sampling?

Answer 26

sample bias- if in same place at same time, likely to have similar characteristics

Question 27

What is a pilot study?

Answer 27

a small scale study before the main one to check/improve the design/procedure

Question 28

What are the 3 experimental designs?

Answer 28

repeated measures independent groups matched pairs

Question 29

What are the 2 types of observational design techniques?

Answer 29

event sampling | time sampling

Question 30

What is the difference between event sampling and time sampling?

Answer 30

event counts number of times certain behaviour occurs | time counts behaviours in given time frame (e.g. every 30s)

Question 31

Give 2 things you should avoid when designing a questionnaire. (4)

Answer 31

ambiguity leading questions double negative bias

Question 32

Give 2 advantages of using a questionnaire

Answer 32

lower cost than interview easier to replicate than interview dont need researcher present

Question 33

What is a confounding variable?

Answer 33

something that could affect the dv other than the iv

Question 34

what are extraneous variables?

Answer 34

could affect dv so should be controlled

Question 35

what are demand characteristics?

Answer 35

participant alters behaviour for study | maybe because they know theyre being studied, or know aims

Question 36

how can we control for demand characteristics?

Answer 36

single blind technique

Question 37

state the 5 main ethical issues

Answer 37

``` informed consent deception protection from harm right to withdraw confidentiality ```

Question 38

What are the 2 ways of assessing reliability?

Answer 38

test-retest | inter-observer

Question 39

what is the test-retest method of assessing reliability?

Answer 39

presenting the same participants with the same test/ questionnaire on two separate occasions, and seeing whether there is a positive correlation between the two

Question 40

State 4 features of science

Answer 40

objectivity and empirical method replicability and falsifiability theory construction and hypothesis testing paradigms and paradigm shifts

Question 41

what is falsifiability

Answer 41

being able to be proven false

Question 42

What are the 6 sections that should be included in a research paper?

Answer 42

``` abstract- summary intro- state previous research method results discussion references appendices- if u used a questionnaire u may put it here ```

Question 43

What is a paradigm?

Answer 43

a shared set of methods and assumptions

Question 44

does psychology have a paradigm? why?

Answer 44

no, it has conflicting approaches

Question 45

what is secondary data?

Answer 45

previously collected for other research | referred to in a later study

Question 46

define quantitative data. (1)

Answer 46

numerical data

Question 47

Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using the mode as the method of central tendency.

Answer 47

used for all levels of data not effected by extreme scores not useful for small samples doesn't use all the values

Question 48

Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using the median as the method of central tendency.

Answer 48

unaffected by extreme data cant be used on nominal level data unrepresentative of small sample doesn't use all values

Question 49

Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using the mean as the method of central tendency.

Answer 49

most sensitive measure of central tendency gives exact central position only for interval level data affected by extreme values

Question 50

Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using the range as the measure of dispersion.

Answer 50

easy to calculate used with any level of data affected by extreme scores doesnt account for being clustered in groups or spread evenly around mean

Question 51

Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using standard deviation as the measure of dispersion.

Answer 51

not affected by extreme scores accounts for all scores so its more sensitive than the range accounts for pattern of grouping around the mean complicated to calculate only interval level data

Question 52

what is content analysis?

Answer 52

a way of analysing qualitative data from observations or interviews by looking at themes in the data

Question 53

state 2 of the main aims of thematic analysis

Answer 53

impose order on the data ensuring it reflects participants perspective summerise the data enabling themes and conclusions