At2

Question 1

What are the 4 ways to assess attachment?

Answer 1

seperation anxiety
stranger anxiety
reunion behaviour
willingness to explore

Question 2

what are the 2 caregiver-infant interactions?

Answer 2

reciprocity

interactional synchrony

Question 3

whats the difference between reciprocity and interactional synchrony?

Answer 3

reciprocity- turn taking, responding in turn e.g. smiling back
inter sync- mirroring in synchrony, e.g. baby moves head in time with mother

Question 4

what are the 4 stages of attachment as identified by schaffer? (explain their features and give rough age estimates at which they develop)

Answer 4

ASOCIAL 0-6w 
recognise specific faces
happier with human than alone
INDISCRIMINATE 6w-6m
smile more at familiar than not familiar
accept comfort from anyone
SPECIFIC 7m
sep anx, stranger anx
primary attachmentt formed
MULTIIPLE 10/11m
secondary attachments with familiar adults

Question 5

what was schaffer and emersons procedure and what did they find/conclude?

Answer 5

logitudinal study
60 gasgow babies in home
found sensitivity increases attachment
and formed the stages of att

Question 6

whats a strength and limitation of schaffers stages of att?

Answer 6

clear stages, specific order longitudinal study allows to see detailed development
timings of stages unclear and longituddinal=high attrition rate

Question 7

what are 3 arguement FOR the idea that fathers are important

Answer 7

often 2ndry attahment
att level is due to responsiveness not gender
important in play

Question 8

what are 2 arguments for the father not being important?

Answer 8

nmot enough oestrogen to be sufficiently nurturing

children with lesbo parents dont develop any differently

Question 9

what were the aims and procedures of Mary Ainsworths strange situation?

Answer 9

aim- assess attachment between pcg and child seeing if sensitivity affects attachment
procedure-
caregiver watch child play-willingness to explore
stranger enters- stranger anx
caregiver leaves- sep anx
caregiver re enters- reuinion beaviour

Question 10

In the findings of the strange situation, what attachment type was formed by a sensitive mother? (give the 4 characteristics of this attachement type)

Answer 10

secure (B)
willlingness to exp
stranger anx
sep anx
reuinion behaviour

Question 11

In the findings of the strange situation, what attachment type was formed by a unresponsive mother? (give the 4 characteristics of this attachement type)

Answer 11

insecure avoidant (A)
No willingness to explore
no stranger anx
no sep anx
no reuinion behaviour

Question 12

In the findings of the strange situation, what attachment type was formed by an inconsistant mother? (give the 4 characteristics of this attachement type)

Answer 12

insecure resistant (c)
no willingness to explore
extreme stranger anx
extreme sep anx
try to find comfort in reuinion but don't

Question 13

what are 3 limitations of the strange situation?

Answer 13

informed consent /protextion from harm of children-distress
socially sensitive-pressure mothers not to work
demand characteristics- display socially acceptable behaviourr

Question 14

what was the procedure of Van Ijzendoorn and Krooenburg’s study of cultural variations of attachment?

Answer 14

32 different studies, 8 countries, meta analysis

Question 15

whats a strength of the fact Ijzendoorn did a meta analysis?

Answer 15

lare samples increase validity

Question 16

in Van Ijzendoorn’s study into cultural variations of attahment, what were the highest of each attachment type?

Answer 16

secure-UK
avoidant-Germany
resistant-Japan

Question 17

in Van Ijzendoorn’s study into cultural variations of attahment, what were the lowest of each attachment type?

Answer 17

secure-Germany
aviodant-Japan
resistant-UK

Question 18

What did Van Ijzendoorn find about variation between and within cultures?

Answer 18

variation within cultures was greater than variation between cultures

Question 19

what are the 2 EXPLANATIONS of attachment?

Answer 19

learning theory

bowlby’s monotropic theory

Question 20

what is the learning theory (behavioural) explanation of attachment?

Answer 20

classical conditioning:
learning by association
food=pleasure (unconditioned response)
PCG brings food, so PCG associated with pleasure
eventually presence of PCG brings pleasure (condditioned response)
operant conditioning:
baby cries when hungry
crying neatively reinforces mum to feed it
mother provides food, positively reinforcing attachment bond

Question 21

what are 2 limitations of the behavioural explanation of attachment?

Answer 21

ignores other factors e.g. maternal sensitivity

shaffer found PCG wasn’t only one who provided food

Question 22

what ar the 2 nanimal studies inito attaachment?

Answer 22

lorenz geece study

harlows monkeys

Question 23

what was lorenz’s procedure and finidings?

Answer 23

half geece hatched with mother naturally
half incubated and hatched with lorenz

geece imprinted on first moving thing they saw
critical period in which imprinting must take place

Question 24

what were harlows findings?

Answer 24

monkeys spent more time on cloth mother (providing comfort) than wire mother (providing food)
suggesting emotional comfort is more important than physical to forming attachments
monkeys deprived of real mother had problems mating, were more aggressive and less sociable

Question 25

what are 3 issues with harlows study?

Answer 25

informed consent protection from hharm cant generalise to humans

Question 26

what are the aspects of bowlby's monotropic theory, as an explanation for attachment?

Answer 26

Adaptive- innate predisposition to form attachments Social releasers- physial=big eyes, behavioural=crying to prompt adult innate tendancy to look after them CRITICAL PERIOD- between 0 and 2.5 in which monotropic attachmennt must form Monotropy- bond between mother and baby that must form in critical period INTERNAL WORKIING MODEL- monotropic attachment acts as model/teemplate for future relationships

Question 27

What does Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis suggest?

Answer 27

``` maternal deprivation occurs when attachment bond between mother and baby is broken, this will have irreversibly effects: deliquency low IQ agression affectionless psychopathy ```

Question 28

what were the findings of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?

Answer 28

12/14 affectionless psychopaths has seperation from mothers before age 5 suggests emotional matadjustment is related to childs early seperation from thier mother

Question 29

what is 1 strength and 2 limitations of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?

Answer 29

supported by institutionalisation studies that show more time in institution leads to emotional problems and low IQ experimenter bias- carried out diagnosis himself some were only seperated for short time - unlikely to have severe effects

Question 30

what did Rutter (2011) investigate, find and concluded when studying the effets of institutionalisation using Romanian orphanages?

Answer 30

investigatted those adopted before 6 moths between 6 months and 2 years and after age 2 he foudn those adopted later had lower IQ, diisinhibited attachment, difficulty forming rels, attention seeking, delinquency thereefore, forming attachment sooner meant better intellectual and emotional development

Question 31

what is 1 strength and 2 limitations of rutters research into the effects of institutionalisation

Answer 31

longitudinal, natural, good eco val because real life and long time maybe those with fewer issues were adopted earliier because they already had fewer issues longitudinal=high attrition, dont know what happened to those who dropped out ethics- intrusive, must maintain confidenttiality

Question 32

what is the influence of early attachments on later relationships?

Answer 32

children form an attachement to PCG and form an internal working model which is used as a template for future relationships - (known as the conttinuity hypothesis)

Question 33

what did Hazen and Shaver's love quiz find about the influence of early attachment on later relationships?

Answer 33

+ve correlation between early attachment and types (e.g. secure) and later love experiences

Question 34

what is 1 strength and 2 limitations of hazen and shaver's research into the influence of early attachments on later relationships?

Answer 34

focus on importance of early relationships may lead to more care socially sensitive- could create expectations that poor early attachments means poor later relationships other factors may influence prboblems in later relationhips not just early attach,ment type