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3/4 VET HEALTH > 3. Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

3. Cardiovascular system Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What is systemic circulation

A

Carries oxygenated blood blood from the heart, TO the body tissues and organs

Carries deoxygenated blood and wastes from the tissues, TO the heart

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2
Q

What is Pulmonary circulation

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart TO the lungs

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs, TO the heart

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3
Q

Structure of arteries

A

-thick muscular walls (made of smooth muscles)
-small lumen

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4
Q

Function of arteries

A

-carry blood at high pressure
-rapid blood flow
-carry blood away from the heart

(most carry OXYGENATED blood expect for the pulmonary artery)

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5
Q

Structure of arterioles

A

-branch off the arteries (small lumen)
-further from the heart

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6
Q

Function of arterioles

A

direct oxygenated blood from major artery into the capillary beds

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7
Q

Structure of capillaries

A

single layer of muscle smooth muscle cells

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8
Q

Function of capillaries

A

diffusion of nutrients and wastes from blood into tissue and vice versa

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9
Q

Structure of venules

A

capillaries converge into venues which converge into veins

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10
Q

Function of venules

A

direct oxygenated blood from a capillary into a vein

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11
Q

Structure of veins

A

-thin,floppy walled
-large lumen
-one way valves

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12
Q

Function of veins

A

-carry deoxygenated blood back to heart under low-pressure
-slow, even blood flow
-blood travels in one direction back to the heart

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13
Q

What is the pericardium + structure

A

outermost layer.
-A fibrous sac that encapsulates the heart

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14
Q

What is the myocardium + structure

A

middle layer.
-composed of cardiac muscle, involuntary muscle to transmits electrical stimuli

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15
Q

What is the endocardium

A

inner most layer.
-lines chambers and valves of the heart

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16
Q

Function of the aorta

A

transports oxygenated blood from left atrium to body tissues

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17
Q

Function of superior vena cava

A

transports deoxygenated blood from structures above the diaphragm to the right atrium

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18
Q

Function of inferior vena cava

A

transports deoxygenated blood from structures below the diaphragm to the right ventricle

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19
Q

Function of pulmonary artery

A

transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

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20
Q

Function of Pulmonary vein

A

transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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21
Q

Function of right atrium

A

collects deoxygenated blood via the vena cavas (from the body) and transports it to the right ventricle

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22
Q

Function of right ventricle

A

collects deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary vein (through the pulmonary valve)

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23
Q

Function of left atrium

A

collects oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and transports it to the left ventricle

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24
Q

Function of left ventricle

A

collects oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body via the aorta (through the aortic valve)

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25
What is the septum
muscular wall between the left and right side of the heart
26
Function of the septum
separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
27
Where is the bicuspid valve
left side
28
Function of bicuspid valve
prevents regurgitation of blood from left ventricle into left atrium
29
Where is the tricuspid valve
right side
30
Function of tricuspid valve
prevents regurgitation of blood from right ventricle into right atrium
31
What are semilunar valves
aortic and pulmonary valves
32
What are atrioventricular valves
bicuspid and tricuspid valve
33
What is the chordae tendinae
thin strong fibrous chords that connect leaflets of bicuspid and tricuspid valve to the papillary muscle
34
Function of chordae tedinae
regulate opening/ closing valves
35
Function of bicuspid valve
prevent back flow of blood from left ventricle to left atrium
36
Function of tricuspid valve
prevent back flow of blood from right ventricle to right atrium
37
Function of coronary arteries
supply blood and nutrients to the heart
38
Describe a myocardial infarction
-reduced blood flow in coronary arteries -Atherosclerosis -Occlusion (embolus/ thrombus)
39
Order of structures in cardiac conduction system
SA node, Av node, bundle of HIS, bundle branches, Purkinje fibres
40
Function of SA node
spontaneously generate electrical impulses (depolarisation) -triggers atrial contraction
41
What is the SA node
collection of specialised pacemaker cells
42
Where is the SA node
upper wall of right atrium/junction of where superior vena can enters
43
What is the AV node
collection of specialised pacemaker cells
44
Where is the AV node
inferior right atria interatrial septum
45
Function of AV node
conducts electrical impulses from atria and ventricles, controls heart rate
46
What is the bundle of HIS
specialised conductive cells
47
Where are the bundle of HIS
an elongated segment connecting AV node and left/right bundle branches of the septum
48
Function of bundle of HIS
carry electrical signals from AV node to bundle branches
49
What are the Purkinje fibres
specialised conductive cells
50
Where are purkinje fibres
myocardium of ventricular walls
51
Function of purkinje fibres
ventricular contraction
52
Identify Steps in cardiac cycle
atrial diastole atrial systole ventricular systole ventricular diastole
53
What is atrial diastole
-all heart muscles in relaxation -all heart valves are CLOSED -blood returning to atria
54
What is atrial systole
-Atria in contraction -ONLY AV valves open -blood to ventricles
55
What is ventricular systole
-Ventricles in contraction -ONLY semilunar valves are open -blood passing to arteries
56
What is ventricular diastole
-all heart muscles in relaxation -all heart valves are closed -blood returning to atria
57
How to measure pulse (tool)
pulse oximeter or stethoscope
58
What is blood pressure
force of pressure that blood exerts on artery walls during contraction and relaxation
59
WNL of blood pressure
120/80
60
What is systolic pressure
When left ventricle contracts it pumps blood into the aorta (120)
61
What is diastolic pressure
heart is at rest following ejection of blood (80)
62
How to measure BP (tool)
sphygmomanometer
63
Where are baroreceptors
aorta and carotid arteries
64
Steps in Baroreceptor reflex
(stimulus) increase or decrease in BP --> baroreceptors stimulated or inhibited --> message sent to vasomotor and cardioregulatory centres (in brain) --> triggers vasodilation (increased BP) or vasoconstriction (decreased BP) and changes in Q,HR and SV
65
Outline the functions of the blood
Transport nutrients , oxygen Maintain body temperature by vasodilation and vasoconstriction Control pH Remove toxins from the body Regulation of fluids / electrolytes through blood plasma Protection by WBC's in the immune system Prevent excessive bleeding by clotting
66
Identify components of blood
Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
67
Whats Buffy coat
platelets and leukocytes (most potent regulating pH)
68
Structure of erythrocytes
biconcave shape and no nucleus
69
Function of erythrocytes
carry oxygen and transport it to tissues around the body
70
Purpose of biconcave shape
increase SA:V, increase rate of diffusion of O2 in and out of cell increases flexibility and hence oxygen can fit through small capillaries (be delivered very close to the cell)
71
Purpose of no nucleus
increased space for haemoglobin and hence more oxygen can be carried
72
Describe blood clot formation
-Vasoconstriction- (blood vessels spasm) to decrease blood flow/loss -Platelet plug - platelets become activated and sticky, join together -Coagulation- fibrinogen converted to fibrin (fibrin meshwork forms) and blood goes from liquid to gel (blood clot)
73
mitral=
bicuspid

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