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3/4 VET HEALTH > 1.Cells and Intro > Flashcards

1.Cells and Intro Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Briefly describe anatomical position

A

standing upright, arms by side and palms facing forwards

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2
Q

what does prone mean

A

lying face down

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3
Q

what does supine mean

A

lying face up

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4
Q

what does superior mean

A

above

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5
Q

what does inferior mean

A

below

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6
Q

what does medial mean

A

middle-closer to midline

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7
Q

what does lateral mean

A

side- further from the midline

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8
Q

what does anterior mean

A

in front

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9
Q

what does posterior mean

A

behind

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10
Q

what does proximal mean

A

closer to origin of a part (often limb)

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11
Q

what does distal mean

A

further from origin of a part (often limb)

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12
Q

what does superficial mean

A

closer to the skin

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13
Q

what does deep mean

A

further from skin

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14
Q

what does internal mean

A

inside

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15
Q

what does external mean

A

outer

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16
Q

what does ventral mean

A

closer to ‘belly’ surface

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17
Q

what does dorsal mean

A

closer to ‘back’ surface

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18
Q

what does palmar mean

A

opposite surface to dorsum of hand

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19
Q

what does plantar mean

A

opposite surface to dorsum of foot

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20
Q

what does cranial mean

A

‘skull’, towards the head

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21
Q

what does occipital mean

A

closer to back

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22
Q

what does bilateral mean

A

paired structures on left and right side of the body

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23
Q

what does unilateral mean

A

unpaired structure on just one side of body

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24
Q

what does ipsilateral mean

A

structures on same side of body

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25
what does contralateral mean
structures on opposite side of body
26
identify two main body cavities
ventral and dorsal
27
three sub categories for ventral cavity
thoracic, abdominal and abdominopelvic (pelvic)
28
two sub categories for dorsal cavity
spinal/vertebral and cranial
29
identify organs of thoracic cavity
heart and lungs
30
identify organs of abdominal cavity
-digestive organs -spleen -kidney
31
identify organs of pelvic cavity
bladder and reproductive organs
32
identify organ of vertebral / spinal cavity
spinal chord
33
identify organ of cranial cavity
brain
34
what membrane lines the thoracic cavity
pericardium and pleura
35
what membrane lines the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
36
what membrane lines the pelvic cavity
peritoneum
37
what membrane lines the cranial cavity
meninges
38
what membrane lines the vertebral cavity
meninges
39
identify 4 abdominal quadrants
RUQ RLQ LUQ LLQ
40
large organ in the RUQ is
liver
41
the spleen is in which abdominal quadrant
LUQ
42
Identify planes of division
frontal (coronal), sagittal (lateral),transverse (axial)
43
describe frontal plane
vertical plane that divides body into front & back portions
44
describe sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides body into left and right sides
45
describe transverse plane
horizontal plane that divides body into upper and lower portions (CROSS SECTION)
46
frontal /
coronal
47
sagittal /
lateral
48
transverse/
axial
49
describe flexion
bending limb or joint to decrease joint ange
50
identify characteristics to maintain life
maintain boundaries, reproduction, sensitivity , growth, respiration, excretion, nutrition (MRS GREN)
51
Describe structure of water
H2O separated into 3 compartments -plasma, intracellular and intracellular fluid
52
Outline water functions
-Transport: blood and nutrients around the body -Lubrication: joints and cavities -Regulates body temperature via sweat -Removes waste:urine & faeces
53
Structure of carbs
composed of C,H,O eg glucose and glycogen
54
Outline carbohydrate functions
-Energy production:Glycolysis and respiration -Energy storage:stored as glycogen -Build macromolecules:DNA,RNA and fat store -Sparing protein
55
Structure of lipids
(fats), group of substances that are hydrophobic
56
Functions of lipids
-insulate/thermoregualation -protect organs -secondary energy reserve -lipid hormones eg glucagon
57
Structure of proteins
-made of amino acids (essential & non essential) -DNA codes for proteins
58
Functions of proteins
-repair and maintenance of cells -additional energy source -protein hormones -enzymes -antibodies
59
what are enzymes
protein biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering Ea
60
example of positive feedback loop
childbirth (uterine contractions via oxytocin)
61
Outline negative feedback loop
stimulus, receptor, control centre, effector, negative feedback
62
aerobic cellular resp equation
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water
63
Structure of RBC
LARGE SA biconcave no nucleus carries Hb
64
Function of RBC
Carry oxygen around body -no nucleus and biconcave shape allow for oxygen to be carried
65
Structure of sperm
long tail and big head
66
Function of sperm
fertilise an egg -long tail aids swimming & big head allows it to bury into egg
67
Structure of ova
large and contain cytoplasm
68
Function of ova
join with sperm and provide food for zygote -large means increase chance of finding sperm & cytoplasm allows for growth
69
identify two types of membranes
epithelial and connective
70
Identify type of epithelial membrane
cutaneous, serous and mucous
71
identify type of connective membranes
synovial
72
Structure of epithelial membrane
-covers or lines internal structures, cavities -composed of epithelium attached to layer of skin
73
Function of epithelial membrane
-protect underlying tissues -absorption -secretion -receive sensory info
74
Structure of cutaneous membrane
skin> epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue
75
Function of cutaneous membrane
-provide barriers between internal and external environment-PROTECT
76
Structure of mucous membrane
-one or more layers of epithelial cells overlaying a layer of connective tissue
77
Function of mucous membrane
-protects (dense barrier and traps foreign particles) -Lubrication to allow movement of substances eg food
78
Give 3 examples of mucous membranes
digestive tract, urinary tract, respiratory tract
79
Structure of serous membrane
double layered sac -parietal and visceral
80
Function of serous membrane
secrete lubricating fluid to reduce friction during muscle movements
81
Give 3 examples of serous membranes
pleural, peritoneum and pericardium
82
Describe parietal serous membrane
Sits on inside of cavity-furthest to the organ
83
Describe visceral serous membrane
sits on outside of organ-closest to organ
84
Where are synovial membranes
lines cavities of joints that move and surrounding tendons
85
Function of synovial membrane
Prevent friction from damaging the tissue by secreting synovial fluid, which acts to lubricate joins
86
example of synovial membrane
elbow and knee
87
identify and describe levels of organisation in body
cells-smallest unit of living things tissues-large number of same type of cells organs-made of at least 2 tissue types body systems-work together to achieve common function
88
function of nucleolus
essential to formation of ribosomes, mostly RNA
89
define gaseous exchange
movement of molecules from high to lw concentration down a concentration gradient eg O2
90
define active transport
movement of larger molecules from low to high concentration against a concentration gradient ACTIVE
91
define osmosis
movement of water molecules from high to low concentration down a concentration gradient
92
Identify types of body tissue
muscle , connective, nervous and epithelial
93
Describe muscle tissue
strands that contract and relax to allow for movement
94
Describe nervous tissue
transport sensory info from body to brain and motor commands from brain to body
95
Describe connective tissue
fibrous strands and a fluid component that holds organs in place and transports nutrients
96
Describe epithelial tissue
large sheets of continuous cells that protect internal organs and prevent pathogens entering body
97
Identify 3 types of muscle tissue
cardiac, skeletal, smooth
98
Describe cardiac muscle tissue
specialised to allow electrical signals to pass INVOLUNTARY AND STRIATED
99
Describe skeletal muscle tissue
movement, stability and posture VOLUNTARY AND STRIATED
100
Describe smooth muscle tissue
lines walls of internal organs INVOLUNTARY AND NON STRIATED
101
examples of connective tissue
adipose tissues, fibrous (tendons and ligaments), blood
102
examples of nervous tissue
neuroglia and neurons
103
identify types of epithelial tissue
squamous , cuboidal and columnar
104

3/4 VET HEALTH (22 decks)

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