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MED 103- BIOLOGY I > 3. CELLS > Flashcards

3. CELLS Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is a cell?
A
  • the cell is the basic structure and functional unit of every organism
  • the cell is the lowest level of organisation that can perform all activities required for life
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2
Q
  1. What do cells contain?
A
  • chromosomes
  • these chromosomes partly consist of DNA
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3
Q
  1. What does each chromosome contain?
A
  • thousands of genes
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4
Q
  1. What are genes?
A
  • they are the direct production of proteins
  • proteins are gene expressions
  • they transmit information from parents to the offspring
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5
Q
  1. How is DNA passed from parent to child?
A
  1. their is nuclei containing DNA
  2. this is found in both the sperm cells and the egg cell
  3. the 2 fuse together during fertilisation
  4. the fertilised egg has DNA from both parents
  5. the embryo consists of cells with copies of the inherited DNA
  6. this brings about offspring with traits inherited from both parents
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6
Q
  1. What is the genome?
A
  • it is the entire set of genetic information in a cell
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7
Q
  1. What shape is DNA found in?
A
  • a double helix shape
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8
Q
  1. What contains the information for building the cell’s molecules?
A
  • the sequence of nucleotides
  • these nucleotides include:
    • Adenine
    • Cytosine
    • Guanine
    • Thymine
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9
Q
  1. What characteristics do all cells have in common?
A
  • they are all enclosed by a membrane
  • they all use DNA as genetic information
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10
Q
  1. What are the 2 types of cells that make up every organism?
A
  1. Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria and Archaea)
  2. Eukaryotic Cells (Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals etc)
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11
Q
  1. What are Eukaryotic cells?
A
  • they are cells that have a nucleus
  • this nucleus contains DNA
  • they are subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles
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12
Q
  1. What are Prokaryotic cells?
A
  • they lack a nucleus
  • they lack membrane enclosed organelles
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13
Q
  1. What do biologists do in order to understand the diversity of life?
A
  • the classify species into groups
  • which are then combined into broader groups
  • this is dependent on how closely related they are
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14
Q
  1. What is Taxonomy?
A
  • the branch of biology that names and classifies species
    according to a system of broader and broader groups
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15
Q
  1. What is the order for Classifying Living organisms?
A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
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16
Q
  1. Who is the founder of Taxonomy?
A
  • Carlous Linnaeus
  • he is a Swedish botanist
  • he developed the binomial nomenclature of species
    EG: homo (human-genus)
    sapiens (large brain)

NOMENCLATURE= choice of words

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17
Q
  1. How is the binomial nomenclature set up?
A

Species (organism) name= Genus + Characteristic Property

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18
Q
  1. At the highest level, life is classified into 3 domains.
    Name these 3 domains?
A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
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19
Q
  1. What are living organisms?
A
  • they are individuals that are made up of either one cell (unicellular) or many cells (multicellular)
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20
Q
  1. Name 2 domains that consist of unicellular prokaryotes?
A
  • domain Bacteria
  • domain Archaea
21
Q
  1. What kingdoms are Domain Eukarya divided into?
A
  • Protists
  • Fungi
  • Plants
  • Animals
22
Q
  1. What are Protists?
A
  • they are mostly unicellular eukaryotes
  • they include Protozoa and Algae (seaweed)
23
Q
  1. What are Fungi?
A
  • they are unicellular (yeasts)
    OR multicellular (mushrooms)
    micro-organisms/eukaryotes
24
Q
  1. What are Plants?
A
  • multicellular eukaryotes
25
Q
  1. What are Animals?
A
  • multicellular eukaryotes
26
Q
  1. What are the three domains of life?
A
  1. Domain Bacteria
  2. Domain Archaea
  3. Domain Eukarya
27
Q
  1. What is Domain Bacteria?
A
  • they are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes
  • they are divided among multiples kingdoms
28
Q
  1. What is Domain Archaea?
A
  • they live in extreme environments
  • such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs
  • they include multiple kingdoms
29
Q
  1. What does Domain Eukarya consist of?
A
  • Protists
  • Kingdom Plantae
  • Kingdom Fungi
  • ingdom Animalia
30
Q
  1. What is the Protist Kingdom?
A
  • they are unicellular eukaryotes
  • there are some simple multicellular relatives
  • scientists are currently debating how to split the protists into several kingdoms
31
Q
  1. What is Kingdom Plantae?
A
  • it consists of multicellular eukaryotes that can carry out photosynthesis
  • this means they can convert light energy into food
32
Q
  1. What is the Fungi Kingdom?
A
  • it is defined in part by the nutritional mode of its members
  • such as mushrooms
  • mushrooms absorb nutrients after decomposing organic material
33
Q
  1. What is Kingdom Animalia?
A
  • it consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms
34
Q
  1. Name two Prokaryotic Micro-Organisms.
A
  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
35
Q
  1. Name 2 Eukaryotic Micro-Organisms.
A
  • Protists
  • Fungi
36
Q
  1. Are there any Prokaryotic Macro-Organisms?
A
  • they do not exist
37
Q
  1. Name 2 Eukaryotic Macro-Organisms.
A
  • animals
  • plants
38
Q
  1. What is the name of a Kingdom that previously existed, that divided into the Bacteria and the Archaebacteria (Achaea) Kingdom?
A
  • Monera
39
Q
  1. What is the more scientific explanation of Evolution?
A
  • it is the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations
40
Q
  1. Who is the father of Evolution, and when did he publish his theory: “The Origin of species by Natural Selection”?
A
  • Charles Darwin
  • he published it in 1859
41
Q
  1. What are the 2 types of Evolution?
A
  1. Descent with Modification
  2. Natural Selection
42
Q
  1. What is Descent with Modification?
A
  • contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors
  • modifications then happened along the way
43
Q
  1. What is Natural Selection?
A
  • individuals who are better fit will survive and reproduce
  • survival of the fittest
  • a population will have an increasing proportion of individuals with “better” traits that allow them to successfully survive in their environment
44
Q
  1. What does it mean to be Bipedal?
A
  • it means to walk on 2 legs
45
Q
  1. What did Darwin propose?
A
  • he proposed that Natural Selection is the mechanism for evolutionary adaptation of populations to their environments
  • hereditary variations, overproduction and struggle for existence lead to differences in reproductive success
  • this lead to evolutionary adaptations in the population
46
Q
  1. What is Natural Selection?
A
  • it is the evolutionary process that occurs when a population’s heritable variations are exposed to environmental factors that favour the reproductive success of some individuals over others
47
Q
  1. What did Darwin propose could be the result of natural selection?
A
  • that it would split ancestral species into 2 or more descendent species
  • this would result in the tree of life
  • each species is on a twig of a branching tree of life, extending back in time through ancestral species more and more remote
  • all of life is connected through its long evolutionary history
48
Q
  1. What is Deductive reasoning?
A
  • it is the logic that flows from the general to the specific
49
Q
  1. What can we expect if our hypothesis is correct?
A
  • we can expect a particular outcome

MED 103- BIOLOGY I (53 decks)

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