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MED 103- BIOLOGY I > 32. ATP HYDROLYSIS > Flashcards

32. ATP HYDROLYSIS Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Is ATP Hydrolysis an Exergonic or Endergonic Reaction?
A
  • it is an Exergonic Reaction
  • energy is released from ATP
  • this energy is released when any of the 2 terminal
    phosphate bonds are broken
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2
Q
  1. What could ATP Hydrolysis be coupled with?
A
  • an endergonic reaction
  • this is a reaction where ▵G is positive
  • the reaction is not spontaneous
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3
Q
  1. What are two characteristics of Exergonic Reactions?
A
  • ▵G is negative
  • the reaction is spontaneous
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4
Q
  1. What are the characteristics of Coupled Reactions?
    COUPLED = an Exergonic reaction and an Endergonic
    Reaction
A
  • the overall ▵G value is negative
  • the reaction is spontaneous
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5
Q
  1. What process allows for the ATP to drive Endergonic Reactions?
A
  • Phosphorylation
  • this is the transfer of a phosphate to other molecules
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6
Q
  1. What happens with regards to ATP during Mechanical Work?
A
  • the ATP Phosphorylates motor proteins
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7
Q
  1. What happens with regards to ATP during Transport Work?
A
  • the ATP Phosphorylates Transport Proteins
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8
Q
  1. What happens with regards to ATP during Chemical Work?
A
  • the ATP Phosphorylates Key Reactants
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9
Q
  1. What are Catabolic Pathways?
A
  • they are pathways that regenerate ATP from ADP and
    Pi
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10
Q
  1. What does the synthesis of ATP from ADP +Pi require?
A
  • energy
  • it is a catabolic process
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11
Q
  1. What kind of energy comes from Catabolism with regards to ATP synthesis?
A
  • exergonic energy
  • energy yielding processes
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12
Q
  1. What kind of process is ATP hydrolysis?
A
  • it is an anabolic process
  • it hydrolyses ATP to ADP + Pi
  • it yields energy
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13
Q
  1. What kind of energy comes from Anabolism with regards to ATP Hydrolysis?
A
  • energy for cellular work
  • endergonic
  • energy consuming processes
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14
Q
  1. What is the formula for Photosynthesis?
A
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15
Q
  1. What is the formula for Cellular Respiration (Aerobic)?
A
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16
Q
  1. What is exchanged within Photosynthesis and Aerobic Respiration?
A
  • molecules
  • energy
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17
Q
  1. In which organelle does Photosynthesis occur?
A
  • Chloroplasts
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18
Q
  1. In which organelle does Aerobic Respiration occur?
A
  • Mitochondria
19
Q
  1. What are Enzymes?
A
  • they are catalytic proteins
  • they speed up metabolic reactions
  • they do this by lowering barriers
20
Q
  1. What is a Catalyst?
A
  • it is a chemical agent
  • it speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
21
Q
  1. What is Sucrase?
A
  • the enzyme that catalyses Sucrose Hydrolysis
22
Q
  1. What do the chemical reactions between molecules involve?
A
  • the breaking and forming of bonds
23
Q
  1. What is the Activation Energy (EA)?
A
  • this is the initial amount of energy that is needed to
    start a chemical reaction
24
Q
  1. What is Activation Energy (EA) needed for?
A
  • it is needed to destabilise the structure of the reactants
  • this allows them to react more easily
25
Q
  1. Where is Activation Energy supplied from?
A
  • it is supplied from the surroundings in a system
  • it is supplied in the form of heat
26
Q
  1. What effect does heat have on molecules?
A
  • it increases the speed of the molecules
  • this causes them to collide more frequently
27
Q
  1. What can be said about the Energy Profile of an Exergonic reaction?
A
  • the reactant has more energy than the products
  • a spontaneous reaction
28
Q
  1. What can be said about the energy profile for an Endergonic Reaction?
A
  • the reactants have less energy than the products
  • not a spontaneous reaction
29
Q
  1. How do Enzymes lower the Activation Energy of a system?
A
  • the enzyme catalyses the reaction
  • it does this by speeding up the reaction
30
Q
  1. Does the enzyme have any effect on the spontaneity of the reaction?
A
  • no
  • it does not affect whether the reaction will happen
    spontaneously or not
  • an enzyme will only speed up a reaction that occurs naturally
31
Q
  1. What is the Substrate?
A
  • it is the reactant an enzyme acts on

EG: sucrose is the substrate for sucrase

32
Q
  1. What binds to the Substrate?
A
  • the enzyme
  • this creates an enzyme-substrate complex
33
Q
  1. What is Substrate Specificity?
A
  • the enzyme will only recognise its specific substrates
  • it will not recognise any other related compounds
34
Q
  1. What determines the function of the Enzyme?
A
  • its 3D enzyme shape

EG: ionic bonds, H- Bonds

35
Q
  1. What is the Active Site?
A
  • this is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
36
Q
  1. What is the Induced Fit of a Substrate?
A
  • the enzyme changes shape upon substrate binding
  • this brings the chemical groups of the active site into
    specific positions
  • these specific positions enhance their ability to catalyse
    the chemical reaction
37
Q
  1. Provide a description for Label 1.
A
  • the substrate enters the active site
  • the enzyme changes shape
  • this is so that the active site embraces the substrates
  • this is known as an induced fit
38
Q
  1. Provide a description for Label 2.
A
  • the substrate is held in the active site
  • it is held there by weak interactions
    (hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds)
39
Q
  1. Provide a description for Label 3.
A
  • the Active Site and the R groups of the Amino Acid can
    lower the Activation energy
  • they can also speed up the chemical reaction

THEY DO THIS BY:
- acting as a template for substrate orientation
- stressing the substrates
- stabilising the transition phase
- providing a favourable microenvironment
- participating directly in Catalytic reactions

40
Q
  1. Provide a description for Label 4.
A
  • the substrates are converted into products
41
Q
  1. Provide a description for Label 5.
A
  • the products are released
42
Q
  1. Provide a description for Label 6.
A
  • the active site is available for the new substrate molecules
43
Q
  1. Provide 4 ways that the active site can lower the Activation Energy Barrier?
A
  • orienting the substrate correctly
  • straining substrate bonds
  • providing a favourable microenvironment
  • covalently bonding to the substrate

MED 103- BIOLOGY I (53 decks)

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