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MED 103- BIOLOGY I > 45. PROPHASE > Flashcards

45. PROPHASE Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are the four stages of Prophase?
A
  1. Chromosomal Condensation
  2. Centrosomes move towards the Opposite Poles of the
    Cell
  3. Mitotic Spindle Formation
  4. Nuclear Envelope and Organelle Degradation
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2
Q
  1. Why are the chromosomes decondensed during Interphase?
A
  • they are loose forms of chromatins
  • this helps with reduction and transcription
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3
Q
  1. What happens to the Chromosomes during Mitosis?
A
  • Chromosomal Condensation
  • this begins during Prophase
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4
Q
  1. What kinds of Chromosomes are found during Prophase?
A
  • each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids
  • this chromosome is duplicated
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5
Q
  1. When do the sister chromatids come into existance?
A
  • during S Phase
  • this is when the DNA copies
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6
Q
  1. What connects Sister Chromatids?
A
  • centromeres
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7
Q
  1. What do centromeres consist of?
A
  • repetitive DNA sequences
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8
Q
  1. What happens when the Centrosomes move towards the opposite poles of the cell?
A
  • this usually happens next to the nucleus
  • this is by the cell centre
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9
Q
  1. Which phase does Centrosome replication occur during?
A
  • the S Phase
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10
Q
  1. How many new centrosomes are there during Mitosis?
A
  • 2 per cell
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11
Q
  1. How many centrosomes exist within the cell after Mitosis?
A
  • one
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12
Q
  1. What happens during Mitotic Spindle Formation?
A
  • the mitotic spindle begins to form by the
    Polymerisation of Microtubules
  • microtubule Polymerisation starts from the
    Centrosomes
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13
Q
  1. What are Kinetochores?
A
  • they are protein structures
  • they are found at the centromere of each chromosome
  • there is one kinetochore present per chromatid
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14
Q
  1. What attaches to the Kinetochores of the Chromatids?
A
  • the Mitotic Spindle Microtubules
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15
Q
  1. What do the Mitotic Spindle Microtubules do?
A
  • they move the chromosomes towards the Metaphase
    Plate
  • they provide an attachment point for Motor Proteins
    (Kinesin and Dynein)
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16
Q
  1. What are 3 types of Mitotic Spindle
    Microtubules?
A
  1. Astral Microtubules
  2. Kinetochore (Chromosomal) Microtubules
  3. Polar Microtubules
17
Q
  1. What are Astral Microtubules?
A
  • they are radial microtubules
  • they are star-shaped
  • they are structured around the centrosome
18
Q
  1. What is the function of the Astral Microtubules?
A
  • they position the spindle of the cell
19
Q
  1. What are Kinetochore (Chromosomal) Microtubules?
A
  • they join the centrosome with the Kinetochores
    of the chromosomes
20
Q
  1. What is the function of the Kinetochore (Chromosomal) Microtubules?
A
  • chromosomal movement
21
Q
  1. What are Polar Microtubules?
A
  • they start from the centrosome
  • they do not attach to the chromosomes
  • they interact with other polar microtubules
  • these polar microtubules project from the other pole
22
Q
  1. What is the function of the Polar Microtubules?
A
  • they maintain the integrity of the spindle
23
Q
  1. What is the Mitotic Spindle?
A
  • it is an apparatus of the microtubules
  • it controls the chromosome movement during Mitosis
  • the microtubule arises from the centrosomes
  • it can also arise from the Micro Tubule Organising
    Centres
24
Q
  1. What does the Mitotic Spindle consist of?
A
  1. Spindle Microtubules
    (Kinetochore)
    (Polar Microtubules)
  2. Astral Microtubules
25
Q
  1. What does the Micro Tubule Organising Centre
    consist of in Animal Cells?
A
  • two centrioles
26
Q
  1. What kind of Micro Tubule Organising Centre do Plant Cells have?
A
  • they have a different type of Micro Tubule Organising
    Centre (MTOC)
  • they lack centrioles
27
Q
  1. What happens during Nuclear Envelope and Organelle Degradation?
A
  • the Nuclear Lamin undergoes Phosphorylation
  • the nuclear envelop is degraded
  • it is packed into vesicles
28
Q
  1. What are Lamins?
A
  • they are intermediate filaments
  • they are present in the nuclear lamina
29
Q
  1. Which organelles are degraded during Prophase?
A
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • these are degraded
  • they are the packed into vesicles
  • these will later be separated into daughter cells

MED 103- BIOLOGY I (53 decks)

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