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MED 103- BIOLOGY I > 9. DISACCHARIDES > Flashcards

9. DISACCHARIDES Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What do disaccharides consist of?
A
  • two monosaccharides
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2
Q
  1. How are disaccharides formed?
A
  • when there is a dehydration reaction that joins 2 monosaccharides together
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3
Q
  1. What covalent bonds are found in disaccharides?
A
  • glycosidic linkages
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4
Q
  1. What are three common disaccharides?
A
  • maltose (glucose + glucose)
  • lactose (glucose + galactose)
  • sucrose (glucose + fructose)
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5
Q
  1. What are polysaccharides?
A
  • they are the polymers of sugar
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6
Q
  1. What roles do polysaccharides have?
A
  • they have storage and structural roles
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7
Q
  1. What determines the structure and the function of a polysaccharide?
A
  • the sugar monomers in the polysaccharide
  • the positions of the glycosidic linkages
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8
Q
  1. What are two examples of Storage Polysaccharides?
A
  • starch
  • glycogen
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9
Q
  1. What do Starch and Glycogen consist of?
A
  • their polymers consist entirely of glucose monomers
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10
Q
  1. What is Starch?
A
  • it is the major storage polysaccharide in plants
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11
Q
  1. What does Starch consist of?
A
  • glucose monomers
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12
Q
  1. How do plants store excess Starch?
A
  • they store excess starch as granules
  • these are found within chloroplasts and other plastids

THESE ARE CALLED AMYLOPLASTS

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13
Q
  1. What do Amyloplasts consist of?
A
  • two polysaccharides:
    - amylose (20%-30%)
    - amylopectin (70%-80%)
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14
Q
  1. Describe the structure of Amylose?
A
  • it is unbranched
  • it has a 1-4 glycosidic linkage
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15
Q
  1. Describe the structure of Amylopectin?
A
  • it is branched
  • it has a 1-4 and a 1-6 glycosidic linkage
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16
Q
  1. What is Glycogen?
A
  • it is the main storage polysaccharide in animals
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17
Q
  1. What does Glycogen consist of?
A
  • glucose monomers
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18
Q
  1. Where do humans and other vertebrates store glycogen?
A
  • it is mainly stored in the liver and muscle cells
  • it is stored as cytosolic granules
19
Q
  1. What is the structure of Glycogen?
A
  • it has both 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic linkages
20
Q
  1. Where is cellulose located?
A
  • in plant cell walls
  • it is a structural polysaccharide
21
Q
  1. Where is Chitin located?
A
  • it is found in fungal cell walls
  • it is found in the arthropod exoskeleton
  • it is a structural polysaccharide
22
Q
  1. What is Cellulose?
A
  • a glucose polymer
  • it has different glycosidic linkages from starch
  • it is an unbranched β-glucose polymer
23
Q
  1. What is cellulose a major component of?
A
  • the plant cell wall
24
Q
  1. What is the difference between the cellulose molecule structure and the starch molecule?
A
  • the difference is based on the 2 ring forms for glucose:
    - the alpha (⍺)
    - the other is the beta (β)
25
Q
  1. What is the structural difference between the alpha glucose and the beta glucose?
A
  • ALPHA GLUCOSE:
    - the -OH group at C2 atom is on the same side of the
    plane as the -OH group at the C1 atom

-BETA GLUCOSE:
- the -OH group at the C2 atom is on a different side of
the plane than the -OH group at the C1 atom

26
Q
  1. What shape is Starch due to the alpha linkage?
A
  • helical (spiral)
27
Q
  1. What shape is Cellulose due to the Beta Linkage?
A
  • straight
28
Q
  1. What can be said about the orientation of alpha glucose monomers?
A
  • they all have the same orientation
29
Q
  1. In which substances are alpha linkage glucose monomers found?
A
  • starch
  • glycogen
30
Q
  1. In which substance are beta linkage glucose monomers found?
A
  • cellulose
  • chitin
31
Q
  1. What can be said about the orientation of all beta linkage/ NAG glucose monomers?
A
  • they are inverted in relation to the previous monomer
32
Q
  1. What is the main architectural unit of the cell wall?
A
  • Microfibril
33
Q
  1. What makes up Microfibrils?
A
  • 80 cellulose molecules
34
Q
  1. What holds together the parallel cellulose molecules between hydroxyl groups?
A
  • hydrogen bonds
35
Q
  1. To which carbon atoms do the hydrogen bonds attach in the two hydroxyl groups containing cellulose molecules?
A
  • Carbon 3 atom
  • Carbon 6 atom
36
Q
  1. Can humans digest cellulose?
A
  • NO
  • it passes through the digestive track as an insoluble fibre
37
Q
  1. What substance has enzymes that can digest cellulose?
A
  • microbes
  • many herbivores have this in their stomachs
  • this can break down the cellulose
  • they facilitate cellulose digestion
38
Q
  1. What is Chitin?
A
  • it is a structural polysaccharide
39
Q
  1. Where is Chitin found?
A
  • it is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
  • it is found in fungal cells walls
  • it is used to make surgical thread
40
Q
  1. What is the name and the abbreviation of the chitin monomer structure?
A
  • N-acetyl-glucosamine
  • NAG
41
Q
  1. Answer the following questions related to Starch:

41.1: Function
41.2: Cell Type
41.3: Monomer Type
41.4: Structure

A

41.1: it is a storage polysaccharide

41.2: plant cells amyloplast
(starch granules)

41.3: alpha (⍺) glucose

41.4: helical

42
Q
  1. Answer the following questions related to Glycogen:

42.1: Function
42.2: Cell Type
42.3: Monomer Type
42.4: Structure

A

42.1: it is a storage polysaccharide

42.2: animal cells
(cytosolic granules)

42.3: alpha (⍺) glucose

42.4: helical

43
Q
  1. Answer the following questions related to Cellulose:

43.1: Function
43.2: Cell Type
43.3: Monomer Type
43.4: Structure

A

43.1: it is a structural polysaccharide

43.2: plant cell wall

43.3: beta (β) glucose

43.4: linear

44
Q
  1. Answer the following questions related to Chitin:

44.1: Function
44.2: Cell Type
44.3: Monomer Type
44.4: Structure

A

44.1: it is a structural polysaccharide

44.2: fungal cell wall
: arthropod exoskeleton

44.3: B-NAG
(beta n-acetyl-glucosamine)

44.4: linear

MED 103- BIOLOGY I (53 decks)

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