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ECU Brain, Language and Aphasia > 3 - Intro to Aphasia > Flashcards

3 - Intro to Aphasia Flashcards

1
Q

What hemisphere is language dominant in most RIGHT handed adults?

A

Left hemisphere (99%)

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2
Q

What hemisphere is language dominant in most LEFT handed adults?

A

70% Left hemisphere

15% Right hemisphere

15% bilateral

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3
Q

What percentage of the population is right handed?

A

90%

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4
Q

The left hemisphere is language dominant for ___% of all individuals.

A

97%

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5
Q

__________ brains may be more flexible about which hemisphere gets language responsibility.

A

Left-handers

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6
Q

Left-handers who become aphasic seem to have less _________ and _________ regardless of which hemisphere is affected

A

Severe aphasia

Recover better

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7
Q

What are the three parts to language?

A

Form

Content

Use

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8
Q

What is involved in Language Form?

2

A

Grammar

Syntax

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9
Q

What is involved in Language Content?

2

A

Vocabulary

Semantics

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10
Q

What is involved in Language Use?

2

A

Pragmatics

Social communication

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11
Q

What is Aphasia?

What does it affect? (2)

A

Impairment of language

Affects comprehension and production of speech

Affects ability to read and write

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12
Q

What causes Aphasia?

2

A

Pathology affecting the language competent half of the brain

Stroke, head trauma, brain tumors, infections

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13
Q

What is the most common cause of Aphasia?

A

Stroke

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14
Q

Aphasia affects about _________ (or __ in _____) Americans.

A

1 million

1 in 250

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15
Q

How many Americans acquire aphasia every year?

A

More than 200,000

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16
Q

What is Aphasia NOT?

3

A

Slurred speech

Confused language

Pragmatic problem

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17
Q

What is a motor speech disorder?

2

A

Dysarthria

Apraxia

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18
Q

Aphasia is present in ___-___% of individuals during acute stroke

A

21-38%

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19
Q

In right handed individuals, post-stroke aphasia is nearly always the result of __________; only rarely (2-10%) does it follow right hemisphere (__________).

A

Left-hemisphere lesions

Crossed aphasia

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20
Q

Vascular damage to the left hemisphere mostly involves the ___________ and ___________.

A

Perisylvian cortex

Subcortical structures

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21
Q

What is contained in the Subcortical Structures?

Where does their blood supply come from?

A

Basal ganglia

Internal capsule

Middle Cerebral Artery

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22
Q

Ischemic infarctions account for approximately ___% of cases

A

80%

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23
Q

Changes in brain activity can occur both _______ and ________ to the
lesion

A

Ipsilateral

Contralateral

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24
Q

Since the brain is capable of employing different compensatory mechanisms to promote recovery, patterns of cerebral activity __________________.

A

May be different from patient to patient

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25
``` Some pathophysiology strategies are automatically generated, allowing improvement in function in _______ post-stroke. ```
Weeks-months
26
Compensatory mechanisms in cases showing incomplete recovery are ignited in the long term either _______ or in ____________.
Spontaneously Response to SLP treatments
27
Possible mechanism of recovery is the ___________ in the area of ischemic penumbra.
Restitution of cerebral blood flow and oxygen
28
What is an ischemic penumbra?
Viable neural tissue surrounding the infarction which may recover or die
29
What is Neuro Plasticity?
The ability to reassign brain region functions when the brain tissue is damaged
30
Whose brain contains more plasticity: children or adults?
Children
31
What four areas of impairment are seen in Aphasia?
Speech fluency Paraphasia Repetition Language Comprehension
32
What is the Perisylvian Regio?
Area of the brain encompassing Broca's, Wernicke's, Auditory Cortex, and the Angular Gyrus
33
What is the neural pathway for Spontaneous Speech? | 4
Wernicke’s Area –> Arcuate Fasiculus -> Broca’s –> Primary Motor Cortex
34
What is the neural pathway for Repetition? | 6
Auditory Cortex –> Wernicke’s Area –> Arcuate fasiculus –> Broca’s Area –> Primary Motor Cortex –> [Wernicke’s Area (monitoring)]
35
What is the neural pathway for Oral Reading? | 6
Visual Cortex –> Angular Gyrus -> Wernicke’s Area –> Arcuate fasiculus –> Broca’s Area –> Primary Motor Cortex
36
What is the neural pathway for Comprehension of Speech? | 3
Ears -> Auditory Cortex –> Wernicke’s Area
37
What is the neural pathway for Reading Comprehension? | 3
Eyes –> Visual Cortex –> Wernicke’s Area
38
What is the neural pathway for Writing? | 5
Wernicke’s Area –> Arcuate fasiculus –> Premotor Cortex –> Arm [Eyes and Wernicke’s Area (monitoring)]
39
What is the neural pathway for Gestural Responses to Spoken Commands?
Same as speech except sent to Premotor Area contralateral to arm rather than Broca’s Area
40
What area of the cortex is affected in NON-Fluent Aphasia?
Anterior
41
What area of the cortex is affected in Fluent Aphasia?
Posterior
42
What are the prosodic/melodic characteristics seen in NON-Fluent Aphasia? (4)
Speaking slowly, haltingly and with great effort Pausing between syllables and words Machine-like quality to speech Diminished or absent intonation and emphatic stress patterns
43
What are the prosodic/melodic characteristics seen in Fluent Aphasia? (2)
Smooth and effortless speech Speech rate, intonation, and emphatic stress similar to normal speakers
44
Are normal/near normal speech rates a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?
Fluent Aphasia
45
Is slow, labored speech a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?
Non-Fluent Aphasia
46
Is the use of a variety of grammatical constructions a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?
Fluent Aphasia
47
Are restricted grammatical constructions a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?
Non-Fluent Aphasia
48
Are present and usually appropriate intonation patterns a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?
Fluent Aphasia
49
Is reduced or absent intonation a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?
Non-Fluent Aphasia
50
Are present function words a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?
Fluent Aphasia
51
Are omitted function words a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?
Non-Fluent Aphasia
52
Is appropriate syntax a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?
Fluent Aphasia
53
Is relying on a lot on nouns a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?
Non-Fluent Aphasia
54
Is using more than 5-6 words per breath group a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?
Fluent Aphasia
55
Is using 3-4 words per breath group a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?
Non-Fluent Aphasia
56
Is paragrammatism a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?
Fluent Aphasia
57
Is agrammatism a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?
Non-Fluent Aphasia
58
What is Paragrammatism? | 2
“Word salad” “Grammatically incorrect sentences
59
What types of aphasia are NON-fluent? | 2
Broca's Global
60
What types of aphasia are Fluent? | 5
Wernicke’s Conduction Anomic Transcortical Motor (can be fluent but sparse) Transcortical Sensory
61
What is Paraphasia?
Word substitution errors produced by individuals with aphasia
62
What are the two types of paraphasia?
Literal (phonemic) Semantic (verbal)
63
What is Literal Paraphasia?
(Phonemic) Phonologic errors in which incorrect sounds replace correct sounds ("table" -> "trable" or "fable")
64
What is Semantic Paraphasia?
(Verbal) Incorrect word is substituted for the target word (usually semantically related) ("table" -> "chair"; "hospital" -> "jail")
65
What is Agrammatism? | 2
Telegraphic speech Grammar disturbances in labored non-fluent aphasia
66
What is Anomia?
Broad term for the difficulty finding words
67
What is Circumlocution?
Talking around or about the word that cannot be recalled | i.e., watch = "I wear it right here" while pointing to his wrist
68
What is the most | consistent aphasia feature?
Anomia
69
What is Localization of Function?
Damage to specific areas of the brain creates specific patterns of impairment
70
What are the limitation so Localization Models? | 2
Damage localized to Broca’s area or Wernike’s area does not produce aphasia Aphasia can be caused by damage to subcortical structures and association fibers
71
What do Anti-Localizationist believe? What is this model called?
The brain operates as an integrated whole The Connectionist Model
72
Who were some early Anti-Localizationists? | 4
Marie Jean-Pierre (1830’s) John Huglings Jackson (1860’s) Pierre Marie (early 1900’s) Henry Head (1920’s)

ECU Brain, Language and Aphasia (11 decks)

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