30: trace elements

Question 1

3 major essential elements for ruminants?

Answer 1

calcium
magnesium
phosphorous

Question 2

4 essential trace elements for ruminants?

Answer 2

copper
cobalt
selenium
iodine

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

what is the difference between primary and secondary tract element deficiencies?

Answer 4

primary: levels of mineral in the diet are inadequate

secodnary: levels in the diet are normal, absorption and uptake from diet are inadequate

Question 5

what are some (4) mehtods of direct supplementation?

Answer 5

-inclusion in compound feeds
-free access minerals
-medication of water supply
-injectable compounds

Question 6

ADD/DELETE/CONCISE ON CLINICAL SIGNS OF COPPER TOXICITY!! RLLY CHANGE TH WSIGNS!

Question 7

which are more susceptible to copper deficiency: cattle or sheep?

which is more common: primary or secondary copper deficiency?

Answer 7

cattle more susceptible

secondary more common 90-99% copper eaten passes through rumen unabsorbed.

Question 8

what are some elements that antagonise copper, thus leading to a high level of secondary deficiencies in rumeninants?

Answer 8

-sulpher
-iron
-molybdenum

-also incurrent disease and genetics (texels get toxicity, blackface get deficiency etc)

Question 9

major organ for storing copper? contains 70% of reserves

Answer 9

liver
-clinical signs of deficiency is only after both liver and blood levels drop

Question 10

major transporter protien for copper?

Answer 10

caeruloplasmin

Question 11

copper deficiency clinical signs: usually in young or old cattle?

Answer 11

young
after weaning, 3-12 mo

Question 12

what are some (5) clinical signs of copper deficiency?

Answer 12

-depigmentation
-dry, sparse hair caot
-epiphysis thickening
-spontaneous fractures
-joint stiffness,lameness
- anaemia
-swayback

Question 13

copper poisoning in sheep is usually due to no supplementation during what stage?

which sheep are more susceptible: housed or outdoor?

Answer 13

-no supplementation during rpegnancy
-housed=lower risk

Question 14

congenital sign of copper deficiency in sheep?

usually affects front limbs or hind limbs?

Answer 14

swayback (aka enzoonotic ataxia)

-hind limbs

Question 15

delayed swayback is usually how long after birth?

Answer 15

2-8 wks after birth
-less severe, precipitated by stress. progressive and irreversable

Question 16

clinical signs of copper deficiency in sheep? (other than swayback)

Answer 16

-depigmentation of fleece
-defective keratinisation: poor wool quality

Question 17

one UNSUITABLE form of copper deficiency diagnosis?

two SUITABLE forms of copper deficiency diagnosis?

Answer 17

UNSUITABLE: dietary levels. due to molybednum, sulphur, iron effects

SUITABLE: plasma/serum levels, liver levels, etc

Question 18

copper supplemntation inclusio in concentrate feeds is banned in which animals?

Answer 18

banned in sheep

Question 19

what are some (3) INDIRECT methods of copper supplementation
(skipped DIRECT, thats water supplementation/injectable etc…)

Answer 19

-application of copper salts on pasture
-minimise dietary antagonists
-genetic selection in sheep

Question 20

cobalt is necessayr for the synthesis of _________

Answer 20

vit B12

Question 21

vit B12 is necessary for two types of metabolism. name them

Answer 21

propionate metabolism

one-carbon metabolism

Question 22

cobalt requirements: which is bigger:-sheep vs cattle requirement?

Answer 22

sheep requirement>cattle req

Question 23

clinical signs of cobalt deficiency in lambs?

Answer 23

-terminal anaemia
-watery ocular discharge
-empty pot bellied appearance
-ovine white liver disesae
-hepatic enecepalopathy

-(no specific signs in adults)

Question 24

clinical signs ovine white liver disease?
PM signs?

Answer 24

clinical sings: unresponsive neuro disease
PM: fatty infiltration of liver

Question 25

some (3) ways to test cobalt levels? specific

Answer 25

-soil n pasture levels -serum vit B12 levels -liver vit B12 levels -methylmalonic acid MMA levels. this metabolite builds up during impaired emtabolism [best way]

Question 26

which trace element deficiency can NOT be tested through dietary concentrations?

Answer 26

copper (due to such a high influence of sulphur, molybdenum, and iron on absorption)

Question 27

sheep are susceptible to toxicity of which trace elemtnt?

Answer 27

copper