chapter 8

Question 1

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Answer 1

Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Preoperational (2-7 years)
Concrete operational (7-11/12 years)
Formal operational (11/12- beyond)

Question 2

Sensorimotor (0-2 years)

Answer 2

infants experience the world through their senses, actions and body movement. At the end of this stage toddlers develop the concept of object permanence and can mentally represent objects in their absence

Question 3

Preoperational (2-7 years)

Answer 3

children are able to represent objects and events mentally with words and images. They can engage in imaginary play, using one object to represent another. Their thinking is egocentric (they fail to consider the perspective of others)

Question 4

Concrete operational (7-11/12 years)

Answer 4

children at this stage become able to think logically in concrete situations. They acquire the concepts of conservation and reversibility, can order objects in series and can classify them according to multiple dimensions.

Question 5

Formal operational (11/12- beyond)

Answer 5

at this stage adolescents learn ti think logically in abstract situations, learn to test hypotheses systematically, and become interested un the world of ideas. Not all people attain full formal operational thinking.

Question 6

Accommodation

Answer 6

the process by which existing schemes are modified and new schemes are created to incorporate new objects, events, experiences, or information

Question 7

Assimilation

Answer 7

the process by which new objects, events, experiences, or information is incorporated into existing schemes

Question 8

Early formal operations stage thinking

Answer 8

personal fable

naïve idealism

Question 9

Personal fable

Answer 9

Exaggerated sense of personal uniqueness and indestructibility

Question 10

Naïve idealism

Answer 10

Type of thought in which adolescents construct ideal solutions for problems

Question 11

Vygotosky’s private speech

Answer 11

Talking to yourself is a key component to cognitive development children specific the components for a problem and verbalize steps to help work through tasks

Question 12

Preconventional

Answer 12

lowest level of moral development, moral reasoning is based on the physical consequenses of an act; “right” is whatever avoids punishment or gains a reward

Question 13

Conventional

Answer 13

second level of moral development, right and wrong are based on the internalized standards of others; “right” is whatever helps or is approved of by others, or whatever is consistent with laws of society

Question 14

Postconventional

Answer 14

highest level of moral development, moral reasoning involves weighing moral alternatives; “right” is whatever furthers basic human rights

Question 15

Erikson’s lifespan approach

Answer 15

1. Trust/ attachment
2. Shame or doubt may result
3. Pretend play
4. Elementary school years
5. Adolescents must integrate- must make the transition from childhood to adulthood, establish identity, develop a sense of self, and consider a future occupational identity.
6. Primary adult goal: get and give care- must develop intimacy, the ability to share with, care for, and commit themselves to another person. Avoiding intimacy brings sense of isolation and loneliness
7. Middle age- productive work
8. Old age involves looking back on life

Question 16

Three periods of prenatal development

Answer 16

• Period of zygote- 0-2 weeks
• Period of embryo- 3-8 weeks
• Period of fetus- 9 weeks- birth

Question 17

Two trends of motor development

Answer 17

Cephalo-caudal

Proximo-distal

Question 18

Cephalo-caudal

Answer 18

“head to tail”

Question 19

Proximo-distal

Answer 19

“near to far”

Question 20

Styles of temperament

Answer 20

Easy- relaxed (about 40%)
Difficult- moody (about 10%)
Slow-to-warm-up= shy (about 15%)`

Question 21

Harlow’s research with rhesus monkeys

Answer 21

Chose cloth because of “contact comfort”
Also, both mother and peers are necessary
Humans infants need interaction with responsive primary care giver
Attachment is demonstrated by the “social smile”, stranger and separation anxiety

Question 22

Ainsworth’s patterns of attachment

Answer 22

Securely- 65%- seek mother
Avoidant- 20%- ignore mother
Resistant- 10%-insecure, upset
Disorganized- 5%- disoriented

Question 23

Stanger anxiety

Answer 23

Being at around 6 months
Peaks at 1 year, then declines
Doesn’t tend to occur to other children
Greatest in unfamiliar situations

Question 24

Separation anxiety

Answer 24

Begins at around 8 months
Peaks at 12-18 months, then declines
Found in all cultures
Enhances survival chances

Question 25

Stages or phases of language development

Answer 25

Cooing (2-3 months)- reaptively uttering souchs “ah” “oo”
Babbling (4-6 months)- vocalization of basic speech sounds
8 months- babies being to focus attention on those speech sounds of common to the language spoken around them and on the rhythm and intonation of language
1 year- the babbling stage gives way to the one word stage
13-18 months- child markedly increase their vocabulary
2 years- know about 270 words

Question 26

Overextension

Answer 26

the act of using a word on the basis of some shared feature, to apply a broader range of objects than appropriate

Question 27

Underextention

Answer 27

restricting the use of a word to only a few, rather than to all, members of a class of objects

Question 28

Baumrind’s three parenting styles

Answer 28

Authoritarian
Authoritative
Permissive

Question 29

Authoritarian

Answer 29

parents who make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioned obedience from their children, punish transgressions, and value obedience to authority

Question 30

Authoritative

Answer 30

parents who set high but realistic standards, reasons with the child, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence

Question 31

Permissive

Answer 31

parents who make few rules or demands and allow children to make their own decisions and control their own behavior

Question 32

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 32

aspects of intelligence involving verbal ability and accumulated knowledge, which tend to increase over life span

Question 33

Fluid intelligence

Answer 33

aspects of intelligence involving abstract reasoning and mental flexibility, which peak in the early 20s and decline slowly as people age

Question 34

Successful aging

Answer 34

Maintaining one’s physical health, mental abilities, social competence, and overall satisfaction with life as ones gets older

Question 35

Kubler-Ross’ research on death & dying

Answer 35

1. Denial- shock and disbelife
2. Anger- anger, resentment, and envy of those who are young and healthy
3. Bargaining- person attempts to postpone death in return for a promise of “good behavior”
4. Depression- brings great sense of loss and may take two forms 1) depression of past losses 2) depression over pending losses
   Acceptance- stop struggling against death and contemplate its coming without fear