chapter 10

Question 1

stress

Answer 1

The physiological and psychological response to a condition that threatens or challenges a person and requires some form of adaption or adjustment

Question 2

Sources of stress

Answer 2

major life changes, catastrophic events, everyday hassles, historical racism, poverty, adjusting to a new culture

Question 3

Live events approach

Answer 3

the view that a person’s stage if well-being can be threatened by major life changes

Question 4

Catastrophic events

Answer 4

war, terrorist attacks, earthquakes, hurricanes, plane crashes, and like are stressful for those who experiment directly and for people who learn of them via media

Question 5

Everyday hassles

Answer 5

irritating demands that occur daily and may cause more stress than major life changes do (stuck in traffic)

Question 6

Historical racism

Answer 6

experienced by members of groups that have a history of repression (Hispanic Americans)

Question 7

Poverty

Answer 7

unemployment, fear of unemployment

Adjusting to a new culture

Question 8

Three conflict situations

Answer 8

approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance

Question 9

Approach-approach

Answer 9

a conflict arising from having to choose between equally desirable alternatives

Question 10

Avoidance- avoidance

Answer 10

a conflict arising from having to choose between undesirable consequences

Question 11

Approach-avoidance

Answer 11

conflict arising when the same choice has been both desirable and undesirable features

Question 12

Human contact

Answer 12

some workers have virtually no human contact on the job; others have almost continuous contact with others. People vary greatly in how much interaction they enjoy or even tolerate

Question 13

Physical variables

Answer 13

jobs range from being physically demanding to requiring little to no physical activity. Some jobs involve physical risk.

Question 14

Biomedical model

Answer 14

a perspective that explains illness soley in terms of biological factors

Question 15

Biopychosocial model

Answer 15

a perspective that focuses on health as well as illness and holds that both are determined by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors

Question 16

Psychoneuroimmunology research

Answer 16

A field in which psychologist, biologist, and medical researchers combine their expertise to study the effects of psychological factors on the immune system
Studies show that periods of high stress are correlated with increased inflammation in many kinds of tissue as well as symptoms of infectious disease
Stress has the power to suppress the immune system long after the stressful experience is over
Sleep deprivation has been linked to lowered immune response
Several months after a death the spouse suffers weakened immune system functions

Question 17

The General Adaptation Syndrome

Answer 17

The predictable sequence of reaction that organisms show in response to stressors

1. Alarm stage- the first stage of general adaptation syndrome, the person experiences a burst of energy that aids in dealing with stressful situations
2. Resistance stage- the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome, when there are intense physiological efforts to either resist or adapt to stressor
3. Exhaustion stage- the third stage of general adaptation syndrome, occurs if the organisms fail in its efforts to resist the stressor

Question 18

Lazarus’ primary vs. secondary appraisal

Answer 18

Primary- “am I okay or in trouble?”

Secondary- “is this in my control?”

Question 19

coping

Answer 19

Efforts through actions and thought to deal with demands that are perceived as taxing or overwhelming

Question 20

The effect of social involvement

Answer 20

Promote health, seemed to enjoy a powerful shield of protection against the virus infection

Question 21

three types of coping

Answer 21

Problem-focused- go to source
Emotion-focused- manage reaction
Proactive- effort made beforehand

Question 22

optimism

Answer 22

hopefulness and confidence about the future or the successful outcome of something

Question 23

relations to stress

Answer 23

Generally cope more effectively with stress, may reduce risk of illness

Question 24

Hardiness (the “three C’s”)

Answer 24

the ability to endure difficult conditions, people who can handle high levels of stress and remain healthy

1. Commitment
2. Control
3. Challenge

Question 25

Social support

Answer 25

tangible and/or emotional support provided in time of need by family members, friends, and others; the feeling of being loved, valued, and cared for by those towards whom we feel similar obligations

Question 26

social support effects on immune system

Answer 26

Positive effects on the immune system, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems
Encourage health-promoting behaviors and reduce the impact of stress so that people are less likely to resort to unhealthy methods of coping
Reduce depression and enhance self-esteem

Question 27

Type A

Answer 27

sense of time urgency, impatience, excessive competitiveness, hostility, and anger; considered risk factor in coronary heart disease

Question 28

Type B

Answer 28

relaxed, easygoing approach to life, without urgency, impatience, and hostility

Question 29

Sexually transmitted diseases

Answer 29

Infections that are spread primarily through intimate contact

Question 30

Bacterial

Answer 30

caused by bacteria and can be treated with antibiotics

Question 31

Viral

Answer 31

caused by viruses and are considered to be incurable

Question 32

aerobic exercise

Answer 32

Exercise that uses the large muscle groups in continuous, repetitive action and increases oxygen intake and breathing heart rate

Question 33

The #1 cause of preventable diseases and deaths in the US

Answer 33

Coronary heart disease

Question 34

most frequently abused substance

Answer 34

alcohol