final ch. 1-14

Question 1

what is the most objective method for acquiring knowledge?

Answer 1

the scientific method; involving: observation, hypothesis, testing, theorizing, replication

Question 2

which research method can establish cause-effect relationships?

Answer 2

experiments

Question 3

independent variable

Answer 3

manipulated

Question 4

dependent variable

Answer 4

measured

Question 5

neurons

Answer 5

a specialized cell that conduct impulses through the nervous system

Question 6

hippocampus

Answer 6

controls behaviors; a structure in the minbic system that plays a central role in the storage of new memories, the response to new or unexpected stimuli, and navigational ability

Question 7

amygdala

Answer 7

involved with emotions and aggressive behavior; a structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in emotions, particularly in response to unpleasant or punishing stimuli

Question 8

what are the receptor cells for vision?

Answer 8

rods and cones

Question 9

rods

Answer 9

for low illumination levels (x20 rods than cones) light-sensitive rejector cells in the retina that allows the eye to respond to as few as five photons of light

Question 10

cones

Answer 10

for bright light, color, details (6 million) the light-sensitive receptor in the retina that enable humans to see color and find detail in adequate light nut not function in very dim lighting

Question 11

sensation

Answer 11

bringing information through the senses; the process through which the senses pick up visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit to the brain

Question 12

perception

Answer 12

actively organizing and interpreting that information; the process by which the brain actively organizes and interprets sensory information

Question 13

examples of “altered states of consciousness”

Answer 13

change in awareness produced by sleep, meditation, hypnosis, or drugs

Question 14

what is alcohol classified as?

Answer 14

in high doses depressed brain activity (disinhibition)

Question 15

physical dependence

Answer 15

body’s tolerance; a compulsive pattern of drug use in which the user developed a drug tolerance coupled with unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug use is discontinued

Question 16

psychological dependence

Answer 16

craving; or irritable urge for a drug’s pleasurable efffects

Question 17

Watson & Rayner’s “Little Albert and the White Rat” experiment an generalization

Answer 17

• Conducted experiment to prove fear could classically condition.Little albert was a was a healthy and emotionally stable 11 month old infant.When tested her showed no fear except of loud noise. Rayner presented Albert with a white rat, when he reached for a the white rat they would create a loud noise. Continuing the processes numerous times Albert began to cry at the sight of the white rat

Question 18

punishment

Answer 18

the removal of pleasant stimuli or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby lowering the probability of a response

Question 19

negative reinforcement

Answer 19

negative, taking away; the termination of an unpleasant condition after a response which increases the probability that the response will be repeated

Question 20

encoding

Answer 20

changing form; transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory

Question 21

storage

Answer 21

holding information; the process of keeping/maintaining information that has been stored in memory

Question 22

retrieval

Answer 22

recovering memory; the process of brining to mind information that has been stored in memory

Question 23

massed practice

Answer 23

involves learning a large amount of material over a short period of time with only short intervals in-between

Question 24

distrbuted practice

Answer 24

more effective; where periods of learning are separated by periods of lengthy periods of rest

Question 25

what is the best type of reseal of college material?

Answer 25

elaborative rehearsal for studying complex material

Question 26

functional fixedness

Answer 26

can’t see new uses for a familiar object; the failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems because of tendency to view objects only terms of their costmary function

Question 27

heuristic

Answer 27

a rule of thumb that is derived from experience and used in decision making and problem solving, even though there is no guarantee of its accuracy or usefulness

Question 28

reliability

Answer 28

same score each time taken; the ability of a test to yield nearly the same score when the same people are tested and then retested on the same test or an alternative form of the test

Question 29

validity

Answer 29

measure what it purports to; the ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

Question 30

attachment

Answer 30

the strong affectionate bond a child forms with the mother or caregiver; emotional connection between individuals

Question 31

infants senses at birth

Answer 31

experience the world through senses, actions, and body movement s

Question 32

Harlow’s study of attachment

Answer 32

Harlow constructed two surrogate monkeys, one was made of wire-mesh and the other made out of cloth.New born monkeys were placed into cages and had equal access to both “mothers”. The infant monkey developed a strong attachment with the cloth mother and little to none with the wire monkey. Found that it was contact comfort- the comfort supplied by bodily contact- rather than nourishment that formed the attachment between the infants and mother

Question 33

language overregularization

Answer 33

The act of inappropriately applying the grammatical rules for forming plurals and past tense to irregular nouns and verbs . Children that use the words “went” “came” and “did” incorrectly apply the rule for past tenses and begin to say “goed” “comed” and “doed”

Question 34

motivation

Answer 34

all the processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior

Question 35

three components of motivation

Answer 35

1. Activation- take the first steps required to achieve your goal
2. Persistence- the faithful and continued effort put forth in working towards your goal
3. Intensity- focused energy and attention applied in order to achieve goal

Question 36

extrinsic

Answer 36

the desire to behave in a certain way in order to gain some external reward or avoid some undesirable consequences

Question 37

intrinsic

Answer 37

the desire to behave in a certain way because it is enjoyable or satisfying in and of itself

Question 38

low vs. high need for achievement

Answer 38

The need to accomplish something difficult and to preform at a high standard of excellence
People with a high ach to pursue goals that are challenging yet attainable through hard work, ability, determination, and persistence
Goals that are low (too easy) offer no challenge and hold low interest because success would not be rewarding

Question 39

hassles

Answer 39

irritating demands that occur daily and may cause more stress than major life changes do

Question 40

what type of STDs can be treated with antibiotics

Answer 40

bacterial: chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis

Question 41

three levels of awareness according to the psychoanalytic theroy

Answer 41

conscious, preconscious, unconscious

Question 42

conscious

Answer 42

the thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories of which a person is aware at any given moment

Question 43

preconscious

Answer 43

the thoughts, feelings, and memories that a person is not consciously aware of at the movement but may easily be brought to consciousness

Question 44

unconscious

Answer 44

the primary motivating force of human behavior, containing repressed memories as well as instincts, wishes, and desires that have never been conscious

Question 45

how people high in self-efficacy behave

Answer 45

The perception a person has of his/her ability to preform competently whatever is attempted
Approach new situations confidently, set high goals, and persist in their efforts because they believe success is likely

Question 46

how people with internal locus of control behave

Answer 46

Explains how people account for what happens in their lives- either seeing themselves as primarily in control of their behaviors and its consequences or perceiving what happens to them to be in the hands of fate, luck, or chance

Question 47

MMP1-2

Answer 47

The most extensively researched and widely used personality test, which is used to screen for and diagnose psychiatric problems and disorders; revised as MMPI

Question 48

why first impressions are so lasting

Answer 48

Primacy effects- the tendency for an overall impression of another to be influenced more by the first information that s received about that person than by the information that comes after

Question 49

whether similarity is basis for attraction

Answer 49

Proximity-psychical or geological closeness, a major influence on attraction
Matching hypothesis- the notion that the people tend to have lovers or spouses who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness and other assets

Question 50

social loafing and culture

Answer 50

The tendency to put forth less effort when working with other on a common task than when working alone
• Apparent in all cultures
• More common in western cultures (US)