chapter 11

Question 1

Freud’s theory

Answer 1

conscious, preconscious, unconscious

Question 2

Conscious

Answer 2

the thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories of which a person is aware at any given moment

Question 3

Preconscious

Answer 3

the thoughts, feelings and memories that a person is not consciously aware of at the moment but that may be easily brought to consciousness

Question 4

Unconscious

Answer 4

for Freud, the primary motivating force of human behavior, containing repressed memories as well as instincts, wishes, and desires that have never been conscious

Question 5

three systems in Freud’s theory

Answer 5

id
ego
superego

Question 6

id

Answer 6

the unconscious system of personality, which contains the life and death instincts and operates on the pleasure principles

Question 7

ego

Answer 7

in Freud’s theory, the logical, rational, largely conscious system of personality, which operates according to the reality principle

Question 8

superego

Answer 8

the moral system of the personality, which consist of the conscience and the ego ideal

Question 9

Ego defense mechanisms

Answer 9

rationalization, reaction formation, projection, repression

Question 10

Rationalization

Answer 10

supplying a logical, rational, or socially acceptable reason rather than the real reason for an action or event

Question 11

Reaction formation

Answer 11

expressing exaggerated ideas and emotions that are the opposite of disturbing, unconscious impulses and desires
Projection- attributing one’s own undesirable traits, thoughts, behavior, or impulses to another

Question 12

Repression

Answer 12

involuntary removing and unpleasant memory, thought, or perception from consciousness or barring disturbing sexual and aggressive impulses from consciousness

Question 13

Freud’s five psychosexual stages of development

Answer 13

1. Oral (birth-1 year)- weaning oral gratification from sucking, eating, biting
2. Anal (1-3 years)- toilet raining gratification from expelling and without holding feces
3. Phallic (3- 5/6 years)- oedipal conflict sexual curiosity masturbation
4. Latency (5/6 years- puberty)- period of sexual calm interest in school, hobbies, same-sex friends
5. Genital (puberty- on)- revival of sexual interest establishment of mature sexual relationships

Question 14

Oedipus complex and

Elektra complex

Answer 14

occuring in the ohallic stage, a conflict which the child is sexually attracted to the opposite sex parent and feels hostility towards the same sex parent

Question 15

Neo-Freudians

Answer 15

• Alfred Adler- positive and conscious goals; compensation; inferiority; social
• Karen Horney- environmental/social factors (culture); childhood relationships

Question 16

humanists

Answer 16

View human nature as basically good; stress people’s potential for growth:
○ Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
○ Carl Rodgers’ unconditional positive regard; self-esteem

Question 17

self-actualization

Answer 17

Developing to ones fullest potential

Question 18

Rogers’ unconditional positive regard

Answer 18

unqualified caring and non judgmental acceptance of another

Question 19

Rogers’ conditions of worth

Answer 19

conditions on which the positive regard of others rest

Question 20

Trait theories

Answer 20

Are personal qualities or characteristics that make it possible for us to face wide variety of situational demands and deal with unforeseen circumstances

Question 21

Gordon Allport’s cardinal traits vs. central traits

Answer 21

Cardinal trait- major theme of a person’s life

Central trait- general charateristics that a person would include in a description about themselves or another person

Question 22

Raymond Cattell’s 16 personality factors; now the “big 5” (canoe)

Answer 22

Cattell’s 16 personality factors questionnaire

Question 23

Hans Eyseneck’s 3 dimensions- psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism

Answer 23

Psychoticism- continuum that represents an individual’s link to reality
Extraversion- ranges from people who are outgoing to those who are shy
Neuroticism- describes emotional stability, with highly stable people at one end and anxious irritable people at the other

Question 24

The “Big Five” factor model

Answer 24

C-conscientiousness, responsible vs. careless
A- agreeableness, friendly vs. cold
N-neuroticism, anxious vs. easy going
O-Openness to experience, curious vs. dull
E-extroversion, outgoing vs. introverted

Question 25

The MMPI

Answer 25

The most extensively researched and widely used personality test, which is used to screen for and diagnose psychiatric problems and disorders

Question 26

observation

Answer 26

he action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information

Question 27

behaviorism

Answer 27

the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.

Question 28

structure

Answer 28

questions prearranged

Question 29

unstructured

Answer 29

questions not prepared

Question 30

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Answer 30

A personality inventory useful for measuring individuals differences; based on Jung’s theory of personality