3.1: Development (Paper 1 and 2) Flashcards
Explain how GNP per capita is used to assess the level of development in a country:
- Allows comparison between countries where total population figures are different. (1)
- However, GNP per capita does not take into account the cost-of-living in the country. (1)
Explain how literacy is used to assess the level of development in a country: (2)
- Adult literacy is an important measure of educational standards. (1)
- Female literacy is particularly important because so many aspects of development depend on it. (1)
Explain how life expectancy is used to assess the level of development in a country: (1)
Life expectancy is, to a large extent, the end result of all the factors contributing to the quality of life in a country. (1)
Explain how the Human Development Index (HDI) is used to assess the level of development in a country: (2)
- The Human Developed Index (HDI) was devised by the United Nations in 1990. (1)
- The HDI takes into account the life expectancy, mean years of schooling, GNI per capita, and PPP (Purchasing power parity) which determines how much you can buy for your income related to local prices. (1)
Explain why there are inequalities between and within countries: (5)
- Residence: Regional differences within countries, urban/rural disparities and intra-urban contrasts. (1)
- Ethnicity: Some ethnic groups in a population often have income levels far below the dominant group in the same population due to discrimination. (1)
- Employment: Jobs in the formal sector of the economy generally provides better pay than in the informal sector. (1)
- Education: High levels of education lead to better-paid employment and having large families is a sign of having a lack of education. (1)
- Land ownership: The distribution of land ownership has had a major impact on disparities in many countries with the wealthier owning more land. (1)
Explain each of the following economic sectors: (4)
- Primary (1)
- Secondary (1)
- Tertiary (1)
- Quaternary (1)
- Primary: Exploits raw materials from land, water and air. (1)
- Secondary: Manufactures primary materials into finished products. (1)
- Tertiary: Provides services to businesses and people. (1)
- Quaternary: Use of high technology to provide information and expertise. (1)
Explain how the proportions employed in each sector vary according to the level of development: (5)
- In the pre-industrial period, the primary sector dominates with steady increases in the secondary and tertiary sectors. (1)
- As countries develop the reliance on the primary sector for GDP and employment rapidly decreases. (1)
- During the industrial period the amount of GDP and employment in the secondary sector increases to become dominant and then decreases. The primary sector continues to decrease and tertiary sector increases. (1)
- In the post-industrial phase, the tertiary and quaternary sectors increase whilst the secondary and primary sectors decrease. (1)
- The tertiary sector dominates employment and GDP in the post-industrial period. (1)
Define the term globalization: (1)
The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world economically, culturally and politically. (1)
Explain the role of technology and transnational corporations in globalisation: (2)
- Technology (1)
- Transnational corporations (1)
- Technology: Data can be transferred quickly and communication is rapid which is vital to the global economy. (1)
- Transnational corporations: TNCs involve themselves in all economic sectors and impact the global economy with the largest TNCs representing the biggest percentage of total global production. (1)
Explain the causes of globalisation: (11)
- Decreasing barriers to world trade. (1)
- Increasing economic power of major trading blocs. (1)
- Increasing influence of large TNCs. (1)
- Greatest ever global connectivity in transport and communications. (1)
- Rising levels of international migration. (1)
- Increasing levels of outsourcing to lower-wage economies. (1)
- Emergence of an increasing number of NICs. (1)
- Growing influence of global brands. (1)
- Highest ever levels of international tourism. (1)
- Increasing cultural diversity in a growing number of countries. (1)
- Capitalism now virtually unchallenged as the global model for economic development. (1)
Explain the impacts of globalization at a local scale: (5)
- Small local businesses often find it difficult to compete with major global companies. (1)
- Closure of a TNC branch plant can cause high local unemployment. (1)
- The populations of many local communities have become more multicultural. (1)
- Families now more likely to be spread over different countries due to increased international migration. (1)
- The development of ‘ethnic villages’ in large urban areas. (1)
Explain the impacts of globalization at a national scale: (5)
- Concerns about loss of sovereignty to regional and international organizations. (1)
- Increased cultural diversity from international migration. (1)
- Higher levels of incoming and outgoing international tourism. (1)
- TNCs employing an increasing share of the workforce. (1)
- Increase in overall pollution in the country. (1)
Explain the impacts of globalization at a global scale: (5)
- The growing power of TNCs and global brands. (1)
- The emergence of an increasing number of NICs. (1)
- Development of global cities. (1)
- The emergence of powerful trading blocs. (1)
- Environmental degradation caused by increasing environmental activity. (1)
Define the term development: (1)
The use of resources to improve the quality of life in a country. (1)
Define the following terms: (2)
- Gross National Product (GNP) (1)
- Gross National Product per capita (1)
- Gross National Product (GNP): The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, plus income earned by the country’s residents from foreign investments and minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents. (1)
- Gross National Product per capita: The total GNP of a country divided by the total population. (1)
