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A Level PE Section 3.1.1 Applied Anatomy and Physiology > 3.1.1.3 Respiratory system > Flashcards

3.1.1.3 Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory system order

A

1-nasal cavity/mouth
2-epiglottis
3-larynx (voice box)
4-trachea (rings of cartilage) = stop collapsing
5-bronchi
6-bronchioles (lungs & ribs)
7-alveoli

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2
Q

Gas exchange and alveoli

A
  • gas exchange occurs at alveoli

- essential features of alveoli = efficient gas exchange to occur between lungs and blood

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3
Q

4 features of alveoli

A
  1. big surface area (350million alveoli 90 square metres)
  2. thin of diffusion barrier = single celled alveolar & capillary walls = total thickness = 0.005mm
  3. extensive blood supply to alveoli = ensures steep concentration gradients
  4. moist alveoli walls = promote gas exchange
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4
Q

smoking effect on oxygen transportation and the causes:

A

-smoking = -ve O2 transportation

  1. tar= stain lung tissue
  2. carbon monoxide = bind to Hb more readily than O2
  3. hydrogen cyanide = prevents lungs cleaning system from working = build up go chemicals in lungs

causes:
breathlessness, windpipe irritation, risk of lung infection, permanent lung damage (shrinking/blackening of tissue)

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5
Q

mechanics of respiration at rest:

A
  • contraction & relaxation of external intercostal muscles & diaphragm
  • movements of rib cage & diaphragm = pressure diff between lungs & atmosphere = inspiration & expiration achieved

-inspiration and expiration = mechanical processes involving ribs intercostal muscles and diaphragm

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6
Q

mechanics of inspiration at rest:

A

external intercostal muscles contract &pull ribs up& out
diaphragm contract & flatten

increase vol of thoracic cavity = decrease in pressure

  • pressure in thoracic cavity = lower than outside air,
  • air moves from high to low in lungs (pressure gradient) -air rushes in via trachea = equalise pressure difference
  • lungs inflate elastic alveoli fibres/walls are stretched
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7
Q

mechanics of expiration at rest:

A 
external intercostals (ribs move down & in)
diaphragm (return to dome shape) relax 
(passive process = no energy needed have gravity)

decreasing vol of thoracic cavity = increase in pressure

  • air moves from high to low pressure out of the lungs
  • pressure in thoracic cavity now higher than outside air
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8
Q

mechanics of inspiration during exercise

A

internal intercostals relax
external intercostals contract
diaphragm contract

aided by sternocleodamastoid & scalenes & pectoralis minor

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9
Q

mechanics of expiration during exercise

A

internal intercostals contract
external intercostals relax
diaphragm relax

aided by abdominals

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10
Q

the respiratory muscles

A
  • cartilage connects ribs to sternum
  • lungs = in thoracic cavity sides = bounded by 12 pairs of ribs
  • cartilage = softer & more pliable than bones = assists movement of rib cage during breathing
  • 2 sets of antagonistic muscles are located between ribs and these are intercostal muscles whose actions move ribcage during breathing
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11
Q

pulmonary ventilation at rest

A

pulmonary = lungs
-involves contractions and relaxation of external intercostal muscles

-internal intercostal muscles active during exercise

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12
Q

diaphragm

A

powerful sheet of muscle, separates thorax from abdomen
dome shaped = relaxed
flattened = contracted

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13
Q

tidal volume (TV)

A

volume of air displaced from lungs during steady state inspiration and expiration

rest = 0.5L 
exercise = increase to 5L
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14
Q

breathing frequency (f)

A

number of breaths per minute

rest = 12-15 
exercise = increase to 40-50
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15
Q

minute ventilation (VE) (v/min)

A

volume of air inhaled or exhaled per minute

rest = 6L 
exercise = increase 250L

VE = TV x f

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16
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

volume of air inspired by force after a regular breath

decreases with exercise

17
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

volume of air expired by force after a regular breath

decrease with exercise

18
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration

stays same with exercise

19
Q

vital capacity

A

volume of usable air in lungs

IRV + TV + ERV

20
Q

total lung capacity

A

total volume of air in lungs including residual volume

21
Q

impacts of exercise:

A

higher intensity = more significant changes

  • increase inspiration= sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalenes = increase thoracic cavity = lift sternum & ribcage
  • increase expiration = internal intercostals (activated pulls ribs down & in more forcefully = force air out of lungs) , abdominals (contract & increasing intra-abdominal pressure force diaphragm -dome shape
22
Q

regulation of breathing

A

receptors:
-chemo (pH change in aorta&MO = stimulate ICC= increase inspiration when CO2levels increase) (chemical)
-baro (BP decrease = increase in VE)
-proprio (joint movement stimulate ICC increase inspiration when moving)
(baro and proprio = neural control)

23
Q

RCC & ICC & ECC

A

respiratory control centre

inspiratory control centre (external intercostals E.I.C (intercostal nerve) & diaphragm (phrenic nerve)
controls rate & depth of inspiration
receptors->medulla->phrenic nerve/intercostal nerve
->diaphragm/E.I.C.

expiratory control centre (internal intercostals I.I.C (intercostal nerve) & abdominals)
controls rate and depth of expiration
receptors->medulla->intercostal nerve->abdominals/I.I.C

24
Q

stretch receptors

A
  • impact inspiration
  • stop alveoli being damaged, decrease size of alveoli = due to pressure reducing squeezed out
  • detect bronchioles from over inflating
  • stop inspiration & start expiration
  • prevent the over inflation of lungs = send impulses to ECC and down intercostal nerve to expiratory muscles = expiration
  • protective mechanism = Herring Bruer Reflex
25
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

MO

where RCC located

26
Q

factors affecting regulation of pulmonary ventilation during exercise:

A
  1. neural control
  2. chemical control
  3. hormonal control

sympathetic nervous system = always involved during exercise - increase breathing rate - prepare for exercise

parasympathetic nervous system = decrease breathing rate - prepare for retiring body to resting levels

27
Q

herring bruer reflex

A
  • protective mechanism
  • increases breathing frequency
  • prevents lungs and alveoli being damaged by reducing the pressure and forcing expiration (detect bronchioles over inflating)
  • increase speed of expiration
  • internal intercostals contract forcing air out quicker
28
Q

control of breathing during exercise

A

rate & depth increases

  • impulses ICC -> external intercostal muscles & diaphragm = more forceful depth of breathing
  • stimulate accessory breathing muscles (sternocleidomastoid and scalene and pectoralis minor) = depth of inspiration increases

-impulses ECC -> internal intercostal muscles & abdominal muscles = expiration becomes an active process = increase rate of breathing

29
Q

impact of poor lifestyle choices on the respiratory system

A
  1. smoking
    - tar binds
    - irritation of trachea and bronchi
    - lung function & breathlessness
    - cells lining the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
    - cilia are damaged = mucus = smokers cough
    - damage alveoli = walls break join together = larger air spaces = reduces efficiency GE
    - increases risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) e.g. emphysema
30
Q

effects of smoking

A
  • smoking affect O2 transport
  • carbon monoxide= high affinity for Hb (from cigarettes)= binds with Hb in RBCs much more readily than oxygen
  • blood can carry less oxygen can lead to more breathlessness during exercise
31
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
chronic/debilitating disease
collection of diseases such as emphysema
long term progressive disease of lungs = shortness of breath

A Level PE Section 3.1.1 Applied Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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