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A Level PE Section 3.1.1 Applied Anatomy and Physiology > 3.1.1.4 Neuromuscular system > Flashcards

3.1.1.4 Neuromuscular system Flashcards

1
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • regulates function of internal organs e.g. heart
  • involuntary
  • sympathetic nervous system = prepare for exercise (fight or flight)
  • parasympathetic nervous system = relax body & slows down many high energy functions (rest and relax)
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2
Q

neuromuscular system

A

-controls muscles during exercise
Brain -> Nerves -> Muscles
-nerves and muscles work together to = movement
-sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system = help prepare neuromuscular system for exercise
-transmits info from brain to parts of body

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3
Q

muscle fibre types

A

3 types of motor unit
2 = fast twitch fibres
1= slow twitch fibres

-muscles = mixture of all 3 types determined by genetics

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4
Q

fast twitch glycolytic

A

FG or type 2x
fast (50) speed of contraction
highest force of contraction

large fibre & motor neurone size
high and very high PC and glycogen stores
anaerobic shot put

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5
Q

fast twitch oxidative glycolytic

A

FOG or type 2a
fast (50) speed of contraction
high force of contraction

large fibre size
large motor neurone size
activity = 1500m

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6
Q

slow twitch

A

ST or 1
-slow (110) speed of contraction

-small fibre size
high myoglobin content
small motor neurone size
aerobic activity (marathon)

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7
Q

motor neurone size

A

the larger the diameter of motor neurone = faster speed of impulses

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8
Q

postural muscles

A
  • type 1 fibres - maintain body posture

- increase size muscle fibres- training = hypertrophy = greater strength of the muscle

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9
Q

examples of events and muscle fibre types

A

100m: 30% type 1, 30% type 2a, 40% type 2 x
marathon: 70% type 1, 15% type 2a, 15% type 2x
footballer: 45% type 1, 40% type 2a, 15% type 2x

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10
Q

motor unit

A

motor nerve and the muscle fibres it stimulates

  • 1 neurone controls a number of muscle fibres
  • single neurone = control fibres of same type not a mixture of fibre types

-always 1 nerve but number of fibres can vary

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11
Q

motor neurone/nerve structure

A

-conducts nerve impulses to muscle fibres

  • thicker nerve = faster impulse travels (type 2x = thickest)
  • cell body and cytoplasm
  • dendrites (collect signals)
  • axons of nerve fibres (passes signals)
  • myelin sheath
  • node of Ranvier (gaps in the myelin sheath)
  • axon terminal
  • muscle fibres & synaptic end bulb
  • neuro-musclar junction (where muscle joins with nerve)
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12
Q

all or none law

A

-when a neurone is stimulated all fibres connected to that neurone are activated at once

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13
Q

threshold definition

A

minimum amount of stimulation required to start a contraction

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14
Q

ways to control force of contraction/variation in strength of muscle contraction (how can muscle vary force produced)

A
  1. recruiting: slow twitch motor units for low intensity activity
  2. wave summation: increasing frequency of nerve stimulus
  3. spatial summation: varying number of motor units recruited
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15
Q

fibre type and exercise

A

-recruitment (based on intensity of exercise)

low = ST motor units recruited
higher = FOG, FT, 2a
greatest intensity= FG, FT, 2x (powerful fast contractions)

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16
Q

wave summation

A

REPEATED NERVE IMPULSE = SMOOTH SUSTAINED CONTRACTION (NO REST TIME)

  • nerve impulse reach muscle cell = calcium
  • calcium =present (sarcoplasm) =muscle contract
  • same fibre group fired repeatedly will build the force exerted by wave summation
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17
Q

tetanic contraction

A
  • no time for relaxation between motor unit firing
  • calcium builds up in muscle cells = causes complete lock up of muscle
  1. twitch
  2. summation
  3. incomplete tetanus
  4. complete tetanus
18
Q

spatital summation

A

STRENGTH OF CONTRACTION CHANGES BY ALTERING NO/SIZE OF MOTOR UNITS

  • different fibre groups are fired in succession to control a movement
  • total force across the space of a muscle is the sum of the effect of different fibre groups

3x motor units broken down = total force across muscle

19
Q

Action potential

A

when a neuron has an electrochemical impulse passing down its axon.

20
Q

Types of contraction

A

Twitch
Wave summation
Spatial summation
Tetanus

21
Q

Tetanus

A
  • sustained muscle contraction

- motor neurone receives action potentials at a very rapid rate

22
Q

Synapse

A

When one neurone joins another neurone

23
Q

recruitment

A

based on intensity of exercise

low: ST motor unit recruited first
higher: FOG/FT/2a motor units recruited
greatest: FG/FT/2x motor units recruited

to produce powerful fast muscle contractions

24
Q

tetanic contraction

A

no time for relaxation between motor unit firing
calcium build up in muscle cell
cause complete lock up of muscle

25
Q

stretch reflex

A

reflex contraction of muscle in response to a sudden rapid stretch
protecting muscle against possible tears/strains

26
Q

proprioceptors

A

help control muscle contractions

  • located in skeletal muscle, joint capsules & tendons and provide sensory info on:
    1. body movement
    2. orientation in space
    3. muscle stretch
27
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

process which occurs in an antagonistic pair of muscles
inhibit stretch reflex
-when agonist muscle contracts = sends out inhibitory nerve impulses to its opposing muscle (antagonist) causing it to relax as a result of reflex action

e.g. bicep contracting switch off tricep

28
Q

muscle spindle

A

very sensitive proprioceptor found in skeletal muscle

  • prevent injury
  • afferent nerve stimulated when length of relaxed muscle stretched and exceeds certain limit
  • triggers off response via efferent nerve = initiates reflex muscle action = shortens a muscle/muscle group
29
Q

afferent nerve

A

sensory neurone

30
Q

efferent nerve

A

motor neurone

31
Q

tendon

A

muscle to bone

32
Q

ligament

A

bone to bone

33
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A
  • located at junction between muscle and tendon
  • too much tension in muscle = muscle relax
  • excessive muscle contraction = Golgi tendon reflex or Autogenic inhibition
  • protect from tearing/pulling away from tendinous points of attachment to bones
  • activated after hold (isometric contraction) = further relaxation of muscle (muscle spindle reflex switched off)
34
Q

PNF stretching

A

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

-flexibility
-static /dynamic/ballistic not as effective as PNF
-use alienation contraction and relaxation movement
-passive or active
CRAC technique
-isometric contractions (hold/no movement)

35
Q

CRAC technique

A

contract
relax
antagonist
contract

36
Q

Process of PNF

A
  1. tension on tendon activate sensory neurone
  2. sensory neurone stimulates interneurone
  3. interneurone inhibits motor neurone
  4. tension on tendon reduced
  • passive stretch
  • muscle spindles detect= limit = stretch reflex
  • isometric contraction (push away from partner) = tension in muscle = GTO reflex activated = autogenic inhibition detect tension = turns off stretch reflex
  • stop isometrically contracting stretch reflex temporarily switched off = increase range of movement
37
Q

interneurone

A
  • connect spinal motor and sensory neurone

- transfer signals between sensory & motor neurons,

38
Q

motor end plate or neuromuscular junction

A

-connection between a motor neurone and its fibres

39
Q

4 functional characteristics list

A
  1. speed of contraction
  2. force of contraction
  3. fatiguability
  4. anaerobic/aerobic capacity
40
Q

6 structural characteristics list

A
  1. fibre size
  2. mitochondrial density
  3. capillary density
  4. myoglobin content
  5. myosin/ATPase glycolytic enzyme activity
  6. motor neurone size
41
Q

motor neurone definition

A

nerve cells that transmit brains instructions as electrical impulses to muscles

A Level PE Section 3.1.1 Applied Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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