3.1.1.5 The musculo-skeletal system and analysis of movement in physical activities

Question 1

skeletal functions

Answer 1

1. mineral storage
2. protection of vital organs
3. joints to allow movement
4. production of blood cells
5. support
6. muscle attachment for movement

Question 2

muscular system

Answer 2

• skeletal system and muscular system work together = movement
• muscular = ensure body moves efficiently
• muscles pull on bones of skeletal system via tendons = movement

Question 3

roles of muscles

Answer 3

1. respiration (intercostal muscles of ribs support mechanics of breathing)
2. heat production (muscles produce heat when contract = help maintain body temp)
3. constricting blood vessels (skeletal muscles constrict blood vessels supporting movement of blood)
4. maintaining posture (keep us upright)

Question 4

movement at joints

Answer 4

• not all joints allow same degree of movement (movement occur depends on joint type)
  1. pivot = rotation at neck
  2. ball and socket (hip shoulder) = allows all movements (flex, ext, hyperextension, adduction, abduction, horizontal abduction/adduction, rotation, circumduction
  3. hinge joint: elbow = movement in 1 plane, flex, ext (hyperextension also), ankle joint also allows plantar and dorsi flexion

Question 5

order of bones (head to back)

Answer 5

1. cranium
2. mandible
3. cervical vertebrae
4. clavicle
5. scapula
6. sternum
7. ribs
8. thoracic vertebrae
9. lumbar vertebrae

Question 6

bones in arms and hands

Answer 6

1. humerus
2. radius
3. ulna
4. carpals
5. metacarpals
6. phalanges

Question 7

bones in hips

Answer 7

1. pelvis
2. sacrum
3. coccyx
4. ischium

Question 8

bones in legs and foot

Answer 8

1. femur
2. patella
3. tibia
4. fibula
5. talus
6. tarsals
7. metatarsals
8. phalanges

Question 9

planes of movement

Answer 9

-each joint = perform various degrees of movement in all directions each movement is in 1 of 3 planes

1. sagittal plane (side to side)
2. frontal plane (front to back)
3. transverse plane (top to bottom)

Question 10

sagittal plane

Answer 10

-divide into right and left
-forwards or backwards motion
-plantar/dorsi flexion (ankle) ,
extension, and flexion (elbow, knee) hyperextension (shoulder, hip)

Question 11

frontal plane

Answer 11

• divide body into front and back
• sideways motion
• abduction/adduction (shoulder and hip)

Question 12

transverse plane

Answer 12

• divide body into upper and lower parts

- rotational motion, horizontal abduction and adduction

Question 13

axes of rotation

Answer 13

1. sagittal (back to front, movements abduction adduction with frontal plane)
2. transverse (from one side to other, flexion ext, hyperextension, plantar/dorsi flexion all occur in sagittal plane
3. longitudinal axis (runs through from top to bottom horizontal abduction and adduction , occur in transverse plane)

Question 14

hyperextension

Answer 14

-increasing angle beyond 180 degrees between bones of a joint

Question 15

planes and axes and movements

Answer 15

sagittal plane = transverse axis = flex/ext

transverse plane= longitudinal axis = horizontal abduction and adduction

frontal plane = sagittal axis = abduction and adduction

Question 16

muscles in shoulder joint

Answer 16

• deltoid (abduction/hyperextension)
• pectoralis minor
• teres minor (adduction)
• latissimus dorsi (ext, adduction, hyper ext, horizontal abduction and adduction)

Question 17

elbow joint

Answer 17

• biceps/brachii (flexion)

- triceps/brachii (extension)

Question 18

hip joint

Answer 18

illiopsoas (hip flexor)

• tensor fascia latae (horizontal adduction, abduction
  adductors:
• adductor brevis (adduction, horizontal adduction)
• adductor longus (flex, adduction, horizontal adduction)
• adductor Magnus (flex, adduction, horizontal adduction)

gluteals:
- gluteus minimus (abduction, hyperextension, horizontal abduction and adduction)
- gluteus medius (extension, abduction, hyperextension, horizontal abduction and adduction
- gluteus maximus (extension, adduction, hyperextension)

Question 19

knee & ankle joints

Answer 19

quadriceps (work together = extension at knee)

• rectus femoris
• vastus lateralis
• vastus intermedius
• vastus medialis

hamstrings (work together = flexion at knee)

• biceps femoris
• semimembranosus
• semitendinosus

tibialis anterior (dorsi flexion) 
gastrocnemius & soleus (plantar flexion at the Ankle)

Question 20

roles of muscles

Answer 20

• cause movement (muscles need either contract or relax)
• have to work in pairs (antagonistic pairs) = movement

flexion at elbow

• agonist = bicep
• antagonist = tricep
• fixator (small muscles in shoulder to maintain stability of movement)

extension
agonist = tricep
antagonist = bicep

Question 21

types of muscle contraction

Answer 21

1. isotonic contraction: change in muscles length to support movement
   - concentric (shortening of muscle as it contracts under tension) (upwards phase)
   - eccentric (lengthening of muscle as it contracts/under tension performs negative work/acts as a break) (downwards phase)

• bicep contract and shorten = cause flexion at elbow when weight lifting
• bicep also contract and lengthen allow extension at elbow = maintain tension prevent suddenly drop weights

2. isometric contraction: provide no change in muscle length at it contracts e.g. stable scrum, muscle contract but no movement

Question 22

agonist

Answer 22

muscle responsible for movement that is occurring

Question 23

antagonist

Answer 23

muscle that works in opposition to agonist (help produce coordinated movement)

Question 24

lunge example

Answer 24

forwards phase:
hip= flexion, eccentric, gluteals(agonist), sagittal plane, transverse axis
knee= flexion, eccentric, quads(agonist), sagittal plane, transverse axis
ankle= dorsi flexion, eccentric, gastrocnemius(agonist), sagittal plane, transverse axis

backwards phase:
hip= extension, gluteus(agonist), concentric
knee= extension quads(agonist), concentric
ankle= plantar flexion, gastrocnemius (agonist), concentric