3.1.3 - Sport and society (History of sport) Flashcards

Question

How did transport improve the development of sport in the industrial period?

Answer 1

→Movement of teams/spectators: the development of the railways and steam trains enabled faster and further travel for players and fans, leading to nationwide fixtures developing. →Improved access to different parts of the country: nationwide train travel enabled sport to develop from local to regional to national, with leagues forming, involving clubs from across the country. →Cheaper train travel: train travel became relatively cheap and affordable, with an Act of Parliament making third-class travel cheaper, which led to the working classes following their teams home and away. →Improved countryside access: activities such as rambling became popular as rural areas were reachable and affordable.

Answer 2

Urban industrial society involved gradual improvement in educational provision for the working classes in the latter half of the 19th century - led to improvements in reading + writing meaning rules could be developed. → Communications (e.g. newspaper) improved as society became more literate. →This development in the printed media increased the knowledge and awareness of sport in a number of different ways (e.g. when fixtures were taking place involving a local team, results of matches). → Led to the emergence of sporting heroes and role models.

Answer 3

→The approval and active involvement of the clergy gave encouragement for the working class to participate in rationalised sporting activities such as association football. →The church organised teams, set up clubs and organised competitions (e.g. Everton, Aston Villa). →Provided facilities to play sport in their church halls and on their playing fields. →Church groups formed, with sporting involvement a key part of their programmes of activities, e.g. the Scouts, the YMCA etc.

Answer 4

→It encouraged social control through civilised activities, diverting people away from less socially acceptable activities such as drinking/gambling. →Church facilities such as halls provided venues for ' improving the morality' of the working classes. →Ex public schoolboys promoted 'Muscular Christianity' - this involved the actions of churchmen who engaged their communities proactively by attempting to eradicate the excesses of working-class behaviour. →It was viewed as a good way of promoting Christian values - the development of the YMCA promoted the healthy body/healthy mind link. →The clergy viewed sport as a good way to increase church attendance and help swell their congregations.

Answer 5

→Codification: the development of strict rules, as ex-public school boys and university old boys played a key role in the formation of many national governing bodies (NGBs) of sport. →Organising sport: middle class became key organisers via their administration experience, which enabled them to run clubs and NGBs and also took prominent leadership roles in such organisations. →Competitions: leagues and competitions were developed via middle class involvement in public schools/universities/clubs/NGBs/factory teams/church teams. →Public provision: public facilities (e.g. parks and public baths) were developed by middle class philanthropists, factory owners and the church; middle class were able to pass government Acts in their role as local politicians. →Increased leisure time: middle class factory owners gradually gave their workers more leisure time (e.g. Saturday half-day). →Move to 'professionalism': the middle class helped in the development of early commercial/professional sport (e.g. acting as agents/promoters/setting up factory teams).

Answer 6

The gradual organisation and defining of the rules e.g. for the actual playing of a sport, as well as the conduct and behaviour of participants.

Answer 7

Kind, generous, middle class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try and provide for a better life among the working class.

Answer 8

Emerged as a result of urbanisation and industrialisation and played a key role in sporting developments during the 19th century.

Answer 9

- factory owners - local government - doctors

Answer 10

→Membership rules were devised by clubs to exclude the working class. →Amateur regulations were used for competitions in order to prevent 'professionals' from competing (these were originally from the lower class). →Lower classes performed supporting roles within the sport. →Restricted access to facilities/club house/ weekday matches. →Distinction made between 'Gentlemen' and 'players' (professionals and amateurs). →Membership fees high to exclude working class. →Encouraged working class to spectate.

Answer 11

- emerging middle class - development of rules/codification - formed NGBs - strong moral code - helped development of early professional sport - new sports e.g. lawn tennis - amateurism (had time + money to play)

Answer 12

The British Empire comprised Britain, the 'mother country', and the colonies and countries ruled to some degree by and from Britain.

Answer 13

Army officers Diplomats Clergy Teachers Industrialists

Answer 14

- They played sport in the armed services and spread sport throughout the empire. The continuing need to protect and secure the empire meant the British army had to be present in all parts of the empire.

Answer 15

- Travelled the world and took sport with them e.g. cricket/rugby.

Answer 16

- They developed church teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad (good for social control/morality etc). - Developed church teams. - Muscular Christianity promoted by the use of sport - was used as a vehicle for teaching morals and Christian values.

Answer 17

- Developed teams and taught traditional sporting values in schools throughout the Empire. - Some graduates returned to their old schools as assistant masters or travelled abroad to teach in schools throughout the British Empire, teaching the sports and values they had followed.

Answer 18

- Set up teams and gave workers time off to play competitive sport nationally and internationally. - Were known as Arnold's philistines. Their love of sport needed an outlet so these middle class industrialists set up factory teams e.g. Manchester United.

Answer 19

National Governing Bodies: →Codified sports and established leagues and competitions which eventually spread internationally as well as nationally. English public schools and universities: →English public schools and universities played a significant role in the export of the team games valued for the development of character (games ethic) which embraced public school athleticism. →Moral values such as commitment, physical endeavour, brotherhood, fair play, sportsmanship, co-operation and bravery, were beneficial to a career and the country and they spread across the British Empire.

Answer 20

- Maintenance of control of sport among middle class and upper class. - More leagues required. - More fixtures required. - More clubs forming. - Rules/codification required. - Different public schools played different versions (problems when boys moved on). - Threats of professionalism/commercialisation. - Maintain 'amateur ideal'

Answer 21

They applied for grants to provide public washing facilities and improve their status as a town (e.g. via the Wash Houses Act of 1846).

Answer 22

- first and second class facilities - plunge baths - for swimming/recreational use

Answer 23

- means of social control keeping them away from violence and drinking - helped improve productivity at work, as workers became healthier and less prone to diseases and infection

Answer 24

Football Association in 1863

Answer 25

A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain.

Answer 26

A person who played sport for financial gain.

Answer 27

- 'Manliness' , robustness, striving and physical endeavour - Appreciating the value of health and fitness - Appreciating the value of rule-regulated activity - High moral integrity

Answer 28

- being a respected member of society with a public school background (private school) - high status in sport reflected by high status in society - belonging to the social elite, having wealth and plenty of time for sport - participation was viewed as a character building exercise (training was frowned upon) - played 'range of sports' using their natural talents - playing to a high moral code

Answer 29

Middle or upper class performer showing high levels of morals.

Answer 30

- elite sport was dominated by upper and middle classes who had high status in sport and society - code of amateurism was based on playing sport to clearly set rules put in place by middle and upper classes (formed many NGBs e.g. FA) - adhered to a code of ethics, playing sport to a high set of moral values - participation in sport was seen as more important than winning - belonging to the social elite (play for fun not money) - all-rounder viewed with high regard by amateurs - were 'elite performers' of the 19th century - new 'middle class' admired the cultural values of the upper class gentleman amateur.

Answer 31

- Prize fighters - who were payed to represent the noble - Wager boaters - or river men who raced each other - Footmen - where nobles would match their footmen, this pursuit emerged as pedestrianism (professional running)

Answer 32

→Broken time payments: working class had to be paid wage for time off work when representing factory team. →Results: early professionals in walking/running races were paid according to results so standards of performance improved as a result of dedicated training (developed win at all costs attitude). →Financial gain: played sport for financial gain - earnings better than normal WK wage. →Professionalism: slowly developed at end of 19th century. →Social mobility: earning money from sport was seen as an avenue of social mobility, creating a determination to succeed e.g. high rewards at stake/pressure to succeed to maintain lifestyle.

Answer 33

- elite sport was for the upper class - expensive - limited opportunities for working classes - lots of time was needed - WK had limited free time - limited public provision - upper+middle class controlled NGBs - upper+middle class selected teams + restricted WK access to clubs - less equality of opportunity in society in general e.g. gender

Answer 34

Local council provision of facilities e.g. sport/recreational for the masses to participate

Answer 35

- Created by Dr William Penny Brookes - Formed in 1850 - Athletics - Traditional country sports: quoits, football, cricket, running, the hurdles and cycling on penny farthings

Answer 36

People of the town/neighbourhood of Wenlock

Answer 37

- form Olympian class - promote moral improvement - promote physical improvement - promote intellectual improvement

Answer 38

- simple, unwritten rules - local, annual and rural event with locals from adjoining villages - awarding of prizes by upperclass patrons - wagering on outcome of events

Answer 39

- it was too manly - it could endanger childbirth - victorian fashion, among upper and middle class, prevented freedom of movement and so discouraged women from vigorous activity - it was not expected that Victorian women should display their bodies - it was not expected that victorian women should be competitive and sweat

Answer 40

- suffragettes/women's rights/more political say - WW1 status increased/did men's jobs e.g. factories/proved their worth - less emphasis on domestic role - got more education via state schools - began to earn more personal money - more freedom - mobility/clothing/leisure time

Answer 41

- still very restricted compared to middle classes and men - accepted firstly by middle class - later working classes - more schools/provision of PE/clubs/teams/became available - more competitive opportunities - sporting organisations established - achievements of women athletes/role models

Answer 42

- it was a form of social control - promoted athleticism - promoted Muscular Christianity - to instil the qualities wanted in young men - prepare the boys for roles in society and life after school - sportsmanship - promote team building and loyalty - develop leadership - promote self discipline and self control - standardisation of rules - character building

Answer 43

→ Sons of the gentry only → Boarding only → Fee paying → Non-local establishments → Boys only (single sex) → Strict discipline → Bullying occurred → Harsh treatment to prepare the boys for adult life

Answer 44

The combination of godliness and manliness - the belief in having a strong and fit body to match a robust and healthy soul.

Answer 45

- good behaviour - disciplined - good etiquette - fair play - honour - respect - athleticism → the combination of physical endeavour (trying hard) and moral integrity (sportsmanship)

Answer 46

- positive use of leisure time - became leaders - became role models - character building and self discipline - loyalty to team and teamwork - obeying rules and code of conduct - sixth formers given authority through the fagging system (whereby younger pupils were required to act as personal servants to the eldest boys)

Answer 47

- rules - time boundaries - equipment - kit - division of labour - officials - competitions - skills/tacticts and positions - training + coaching

Answer 48

→ improved quality of facilities → specialist coaching → compulsory games → inter-school fixtures → headmaster support → enthusiasm of young teachers → special festivals such as athletics sports days → role models from sixth form and society

Answer 49

At the start of the twentieth century, amateurs maintained their prominence in sport in a number of ways, including their positions at the top of national governing bodies. They had the following characteristics: →High status: They held high status in sport and society →Controllers of sport: The middle and upper classes controlled sport, excluding (e.g. financially) working classes from 'amateur sports'. →Top performers: It was more likely that top performers would come from middle/upper class →Highly moral: They had sufficient income and leisure time to play sport for the love of it, receiving no payment. Fair play + sportsmanship emphasised.

Answer 50

As 20th century progressed, amateurs began to lose some of their status and power in sport. Society slowly began to be based more on equality and opportunity, with achievements based more on merit and personal performance standards. → tend to be of lower status → some high-level performers are still not professional → blurring of amateur and professional distinctions, with less likelihood of exclusions as society has become more egalitarian → performance at the top level in most sports is now open to all → some amateurs receive finance to pay for training expenses etc. e.g. National Lottery/Sports Aid money.

Answer 51

The amateur code has still continued in British sport in a number of ways such as: → codes of amateurism are still evident in British sport, e.g. via fair play and sportsmanship → it is still viewed positively and promoted in a number of ways e.g. fair play awards in football; shaking hands prior to and at the end of sporting contests; through the Olympics with the Olympic Ideal based on principles of amateurism. → sports like Rugby Union maintained their amateurism until late into the twentieth century and still have codes of conduct based on such principles e.g. calling the referee sir.

Answer 52

Many factors are responsible for the growth of professional sport and the increased status of professional performers from the 20th century to the modern day: → all classes can compete; social class is no longer a barrier to participation - social mobility is far more possible now → people are now respected for their talents and efforts in reaching the top → there are high rewards for professionals through media and sponsorship (e.g. footballers, tennis players) → professionals now have more time to train, leading to higher standards of performance than amateurs in the same sport → celebrity status ,more media coverage and investment in sport have all led to vast increases in financial rewards available for sportsmen and women → positive role models act as motivators for others to achieve in professional sport → money invested into sports enables events and the sports themselves to operate and survive commercially → more spectators attend matches due to easier and cheaper travel

Answer 53

- The Amateur Athletic Association was set-up in 1880 and no professional sport people were allowed to join - Professional football was illegal until 1884 - In 1895 rugby was split into League and Union, with Union remaining amateur - Money from TV deals and sponsorship’s now means professional athletes can earn huge amounts of money

Answer 54

→ more respected for their talents → higher profile/increased media coverage and increased role models → professionals used to be working class and lower status → social class no longer a barrier to participation → society now values materialism more → sport can be seen as a way out

Answer 55

→ Developed from Real Tennis to Spharistike Tennis and then to lawn tennis in 1877 → Started off as an amateur upper middle class sport in mid to late 19th century → Took place behind walled gardens, then progressed to middle class private tennis clubs → First introduced as an annual sporting event at Wimbledon in 1877 - male only → 1884 - first championships open to women held at Wimbledon → Sport grew in popularity as professional tours and tournaments were organised in 1920s - some players earned income → In 1920s, other player tournaments remained amateur inc. grand slams → Distinction between amateur and professional abandoned in 1968 → ‘Open era’ established in 1968 - both amateurs and professionals performed alongside each other → Equal professional recognition for women was achieved at Wimbledon 2007 when tournament winners both male and female won equal prize money

Answer 56

→ <1780 = Real tennis, Male only, Upper class → >1780 - 1862 = Industrial and post Industrial Revolution, Real tennis, Male only, Upper class → 1873 = Spharistike created - hourglass court shape → 1877 = Lawn tennis created, Back garden, Both sexes, Middle class only, Public provision in parks for lower class → 1920s = Professional tours established → 1968 = Open era occurred - professionals and amateurs compete alongside each other → 2007 = Wimbledon open = first comp to pay men + women equally

Answer 57

→ 1844 = Wimbledon first open to women, First female winner of Wimbledon Miss Maud → 1887 = Female role models emerging e.g. Lottie Dodd (won 5 titles at age of 15) → 1968 = Inequalities in prize money between men and women during open era → 1973 = WTA (Women’s Tennis Association) fought for equal prize money, WTA tour created → 2007 = Wimbledon open, first competition to pay men + women equally

Answer 58

→ Started off as male only working class sport in mid to late 19th century → Began to grow in popularity and began to be players and mass spectators → First professionals established in 19th century when factory teams were created and paid broken time payments → 1863 FA established by ex-public school boys and is responsible for amateur and professional football → 1871 FA cup established - both amateur and professional teams play against each other → 1885 football first recognised as professional sport → During mid 20th century, maximum wage for male footballers was abolished → 1992 Premier League was established → 1995 - Bosman ruling was created which allowed footballers to move clubs at the end of a contract without a fee → 2001 UEFA champions established which inc. best professional teams across Europe

Answer 59

→ <1780 = Mob football, Male only, Lower class → >1780-1862 = Industrial and Post Industrial Revolution, Football, Male only → 1863 = FA established, Football becomes Association Football → 1885 = Football first recognised as professional sport → Mid 1900s = Maximum wage for male footballers abolished → Late 1900s = Male role models emerged → 1995 = Bosman Ruling → Early 2000s = Technology use increased e.g. GLT

Answer 60

→ 1914-1918 = Female football grew during WW1 → 1920 = First female professional player → 1921 = Women’s football banned by the FA → 1930s = The depression caused a decline in female football interest → 1969 = WFA ( Women’s Football Association) formed →1971 = Ban on women’s football lifted → Late 1900s = Limited female officials, FA promised to develop female football grassroots to elite → 1997 = First female assistant referee of male premier league game → Early 2000s = Female role models emerging, major female competitions established: 2001 UEFA Champions League, 2010 Women’s Super League. → 2002 = Football most popular sport for women → 2010 = WSL established → 2017 = Lewes FC first club to pay women equal to men → 2018 = WSL all players are professional

Answer 61

→ Started off both upper and lower class involved - Lower class males were the athletes and upper class people patrons → In 1850 Much Wenlock Olympic Games established → Wasn’t until mid 19th century upper class were amateurs and lower class were professionals → In 1866 - exclusion cause created by AAC that meant no working class were able to take part → In 1880 exclusion cause removed - professional changed to someone who ran for money, not necessarily from lower class → 1896 - First modern Olympic Games → Early 1900s Amateurism rules created preventing anyone who received money for any role within sport from taking part → 1972 - Title IX occurred in the USA which fought for equal opportunities for women to compete → 1981 - Trust funds were established, allowing athletes to receive financial reward for taking part → 1986 - First Olympics both amateurs and professionals could compete → 2010 - First major diamond league both male and female athletes were allowed

Answer 62

→ <1780 = Foot racing and pedestrianism, Upper class - Patrons, Lower class - athletes (male only) → 1850 = Much Wenlock Olympics established by Dr Penny Brookes, male only competitors → Mid 1800s = Upper class = amateurs, Lower class = professionals → 1866 = No working class competitors (exclusion clause) → 1880 = AAA (Amateur Athletic Association) established, Removed the exclusion clause, Change in professional - someone who ran for money, not necessarily from working class → 1896 = Baron Pierre De Coubertin founded IOC (International Olympic Committee), First modern olympics → 1901-1950 = Amateurism rules → 1972 = Title IX → 2016 = Russian athletes banned from 2016 Olympics in Rio due to false drug tests

Answer 63

→ 1922 = Women’s AAA established → 1928 = First Olympics allowed women to compete → 1960 = Women’s races allowed over 400m → 1972 = Title IX - Equal opportunities for women to compete → Late 1900s = Women still excluded from most Olympic events - negative myths, stereotypes → 2010 = Major competitions allowed male and female athletes (Diamond League) → 2012 = First Olympic Games with women in every sport

Answer 64

At the start, amateurs were high status, controllers of sport, top performers and highly moral. At the end, amateurs were lower status, not professional, blurred with professionals, would receive pay for training expenses.

Answer 65

Amateur code has still continued in British sport in a number of ways such as: → Codes of amateurism still evident in British Sport e.g. via fair play and sportsmanship → Still viewed positively and promoted in a number of ways e.g. fair play awards in football → Sports like rugby maintained their amateurism until late 20th century and still have codes of conduct such as calling the referee ‘Sir”

Answer 66

→ Sponsorships → Scholarships → Trust funds → Gifts → Token jobs - talented athlete may be given job that doesn’t involve much work so they are getting money but classed as amateurs. → Illegal payments

3.1.3 - Sport and society (History of sport) Flashcards

(complete) (90 cards)