3.2.4.1 - Concepts of physical activity and sport Flashcards
(complete)
1
Q
What is the sport development continuum?
A
- A continuum is a hierarchy of progress
- Different forms of physical activity can be viewed on the sporting development continuum
- The sports development continuum has four levels: foundation, participation, performance and elite
2
Q
What are foundation level characteristics? (on the sport development continuum)
A
- developing basic skills e.g. agility, balance etc
- starts at an early age during school
- influenced by teachers and family
- may try many different activities
3
Q
Participation level characteristics? (on the sport development continuum)
A
- participating for fun and enjoyment
- basic level of competence
- individual sports and team games become more important at a basic level of competition
- usually starts with secondary PE games lessons and during extra-curricular time
- encouraged to play for school team
- encouraged to join a sports club to improve their basic skills, have fun and socialise
4
Q
Performance level characteristics? (on the sport development continuum)
A
- This is the level for a small group of people from the participation level who have a desire and the ability to perform at a higher level
- Individuals are motivated to improve performance by training and playing structured and competitive games
- Involves commitment of the individual to play and improve performance at club, county and semi-professional levels where winning becomes more important
5
Q
Elite level characteristics? (on the sport development continuum)
A
- This group emerges when an even smaller group from the performance group has been picked who potentially have talent ability
- Represent international elite level
6
Q
Physical recreation characteristics?
A
- part of the participation level of the sport development continuum
- physical recreation is completed in leisure time which is spent active
- voluntary
- choose activity they take part in
- emphasis on participation and taking part
- fun/enjoyable
- non serious and informal in nature
- physically energetic, effort is applied but at their own pace
- flexible in nature
- self-officiated
- available to all
- rules can be modified
- mainly intrinsic rewards
- standard of play is not important
- no training needed
- casual dress
7
Q
Physical recreation examples?
A
Jogging
Riding
Kick about
8
Q
Benefits of physical recreation for an individual?
A
- increases health and fitness
- development of physical skills
- can provide challenge to overcome
- can lead to sense of achievement
- stress relief
- help people relax
- fun and enjoyment
- emphasis is on taking part at your own level and pace rather than trying to beat others
- helps to ensure participation in PA for as many years as possible
9
Q
Benefits of physical recreation for a society?
A
- increased health and fitness helps to reduce the strain on NHS and lowers obesity rates
- social integration and community cohesion
- increase employment and economic benefits
- social control (more positive use of free time)
- if increased skill levels at participation stage, can lead to more people reaching to the performance/elite level
10
Q
Sport characteristics?
A
- viewed as serious
- competitive
- highly structured with set complex rules
- specialist equipment
- officials to enforce the rules, they are trained by NGBs
- outwitting opponents with tactics/strategies
- intrinsic and extrinsic rewards for success
- high skill level
- high commitment and effort levels
- winning is important
- mental toughness
- coaches employed
- emotional highs and lows
- institutionalised, organised with NGBs, clubs, officials and coached showing structure
- can involve amateurs + professionals
- part of participation and performance level of SDC
11
Q
Revision tip for sport characteristics?
A
S → serious/competitive: win at all costs attitude or sportsmanship
P → progress: high skill levels, particularly by professionals
O → organised: sport has rules and regulations
R → rewards: available for winning and intrinsic satisfaction
T → time and space: restrictions apply
12
Q
Benefits of sport for an individual?
A
- improve health and fitness
- improve physical skill levels
- increase self confidence
- improvement in skill and success can lead to a feel good factor
- increased social opportunities
- develop positive sporting morals and attitudes
13
Q
Benefits of sport for a society?
A
- regular participation decreases strain on the NHS and reduces levels of obesity as health and fitness improve
- social control - reduces crime
- increased social integration and equality of opportunity can increase participation in sport by including social-economic and ethnic groups
- economic benefits: people pay to participate and spend money on new equipment, fashionable kit etc
- employment opportunities created
- increased national pride as a result of standards of performances
14
Q
What are the basic requirements needed to take part in sport or physical recreation?
A
- Time - free time or leisure
- Money (disposable income)
- Transport or mobility to get to a facility
- Access to a sport or recreation facility
- Access to a space to play
- Resources
- Fitness at a basic level
- Some activities require good health
- Ability and a certain skill level
- Knowledge of the game/sport
- Enthusiasm for the sport
15
Q
Physical education characteristics?
A
- it is compulsory
- it involves formally taught lessons
- it has four key stages as part of the National Curriculum from ages 5-16
- it begins at primary school ‘foundation level’
- tends to lead to participation level in secondary schools
- teachers are in charge and deliver lessons
- lessons are pre planned, it is highly structured
- it is in school time
- provides examinations at KS4 like GCE PE or BTEC sport level 2 and KS5
16
Q
What factors influence the activities on offer in school?
A
- timetable restrictions
- funding
- resources/equipment/facilities
- staff available/expertise
- school-club links
- type of school e.g. gender/faith/religion
- tradition/local area/location
- national curriculum
17
Q
How can a school PE programme encourage participation in sport?
A
- offer a variety/range of activities
- teach basic skills to give confidence
- encourage a positive attitude to activity
- make the programme enjoyable
- understanding of the value of activity
- introduce ways of accessing activity after school
- make compulsory
- employ specialist teachers
18
Q
How does PE lead to participation in sport?
A
- provides initial interest
- follows National Curriculum guidelines
- provides wide range of activities
- extracurricular activities
- links with local clubs
- send pupils for trails
- specialist sports colleges
19
Q
How do schools offer physical recreation and sport?
A
- sport is provided as extra-curricular activity
- schools make provision for sports teams and fixtures
- schools set up sport education programmes
- recreational sport takes place in lunchtimes or sports clubs in breaks or after school
- school provide visits and taster sessions at local sports centres
- schools open up their facilities on weekends and holidays
- schools offer a wider range of activities including outdoor recreation
20
Q
What are the functions/ aims of PE?
A
- health and fitness and motor skills
- development of positive attitudes towards healthy lifestyles
- provides opportunities for increased participation
- develops positive sporting ethics
- develop other roles: officiating, coaching
- encourages life long participation
- improve self-esteem
- develop mental skills
- develop social skills
- develop leadership
21
Q
What is OAA and examples?
A
Outdoor and Adventurous Activities
In school: orienteering, problem solving activities
Outside of school: rock climbing, high ropes courses, raft building, canoeing
22
Q
Functions of OAA?
A
- learn to appreciate and engage with the natural environment
- increase conservation/respect of the natural enviornment
- develop physical and survival skills
- increase health and fitness
- increased co-operation and teamwork
- improve social skills
- improve leadership skills
- learning to deal with challenging situations
- learn how to perceive risk through awareness of safety
- increase cognitive skills
- self discovery/self-esteem
- improve decision making
- experience excitement
23
Q
What is perceived risk?
A
- a challenge that stimulates a sense of danger and adrenaline rush due to the excitement and adventure for beginners
- climbing or abseiling
- gaining a sense of danger, the individual thinks the activity is risky
- a sense of excitement is experienced
- but the situation is controlled e.g. via wearing a safety harness/ropes attached/ helmet
24
Q
What is the triangular model?
A
The pyramid recognises that curriculum physical education is only one of a number of physical performance opportunities in the average school.
A child should experience in PE the 3 following elements:
→ Education (national curriculum PE)
→ School sport (extra-curricular competitive opportunities, inter hours competitions involving as many pupils as possible)
→ Recreation (extra-curricular, non-competitive participation opportunities)
25
What is the significance of the triangular PE model?
- the significance of this pyramid is the overlap of sport, physical education and recreation
E.g. all three parts are are organised and structured with expected social behaviours, all three parts provide opportunities for a challenge and help to build character forming skills such as organisation, and all three parts can give a sense of self satisfaction
- in the sections where there is no overlap there are characteristics
E.g. → physical education is compulsory whereas recreation is voluntary
→ sport requires commitment whereas recreation does not as it is informal
→ within a school, PE takes place in formal lessons, sport takes place in formal lessons and during extra-curricular time, and recreation takes place during breaks
26
School sport characteristics?
- mostly occurs in extra-curricular time
- it is a choice for attending school
- competitive (promoted by governments through initiatives: School Sport partnerships and school games)
- sports coaches can be used to help increase range of extra-curricular opportunities available
- teachers use their own specialisms to develop pupils talents
- may involve representing the school and competing against other schools
- can be selective
27
Benefits of participating in school sport?
- increased activity levels, increases health and fitness
- increases skill levels
- increase self-esteem
- socially new groups can be formed
- new friendships can be developed through extra-curricular involvement
- improved cognitive skills, improved decision making capabilities
- improvement in academic achievement (if motivated to attend and achieve at school)
