3.1.3.4 Coastal Management

Question 1

what is the aim of coastal management?

Answer 1

to protect homes, business and the environment from the risk of erosion and flooding

Question 2

how are places chosen to be protected?

Answer 2

cost-benefit analysis

Question 3

what are the four options for coastal management?

Answer 3

Hold the line
Advance the Line
Do nothing
Manage retreat

Question 4

what are different hard engineering strategies

Answer 4

sea wall
revetments
gabions
rip rap
groynes
tidal barrier

Question 5

how do sea walls operate?

Answer 5

reflect wave energy back to sea, preventing erosion of the coast
acts as a flood barrier too

Question 6

how do revetments operate?

Answer 6

slanted structures at the foot of cliffs to stop cliff erosion as they absorb and break wave energy

Question 7

what are gabions and what do they do?

Answer 7

cages of rocks that absorb wave energy to reduce erosion

Question 8

what is rip rap and what does it do?

Answer 8

boulders piled against the coastline to absorb wave energy and reduce the rates of erosion

Question 9

what are groynes and what do they do

Answer 9

fences built at right angles to the coast
they trap material transported by longshore drift
which creates wider beaches which slow waves

Question 10

what are tidal barriers and what do they do?

Answer 10

built across river estuaries

contain retractable flood gates that can be prevented to prevent flooding from storm surges

Question 11

cost / disadvantage of sea walls

Answer 11

£6000/m
creates strong back wash which erodes under the wall
needs consistent maintenance
ugly

Question 12

cost / disadvantage of revetments

Answer 12

£4500/m

less durable than sea wall

Question 13

cost / disadvantage of gabions

Answer 13

cheap but ugly

Question 14

cost / disadvantage of rip rap

Answer 14

£1000/m
still lets water through so some erosion still takes place
easily moved by high energy waves

Question 15

cost / disadvantage of groynes

Answer 15

£1000/m
cause erosion to increase further down the coastline
last up to 40 years

Question 16

cost / disadvantage of tidal barriers

Answer 16

VERY expensive

Thames barrier total construction cost was £534 million which is equivalent to £1.6 billion at 2016 prices

Question 17

what is hard engineering?

Answer 17

the building of entirely artificial structures to reduce or stop the impact of coastal processes

Question 18

what is soft engineering

Answer 18

strategies that work with natural features and processes

Question 19

examples of soft engineering

Answer 19

beach replenishment
managed retreat
cliff regrading and drainage
dune stabilisation

Question 20

what is bleach replenishment

Answer 20

sand is replaced along the beach

Question 21

advantages and disadvantages of beach replenishment

Answer 21

A - makes the beach more effective at dispersing wave energy
A - attractive
D - doesn’t prevent longshore drift so has to be done repeatedly

Question 22

how much does beach replenishment cost

Answer 22

£300/m

Question 23

what is managed retreat

Answer 23

allowing the coast to reclaim the land

Question 24

advantages and disadvantages of managed retreat

Answer 24

A - allows more wetland habitats to form, natural and cheap

D - socially unfair for locals who lose land

Question 25

what is cliff regrading and drainage

Answer 25

reducing the angle of a cliff to stabilise it | drains excess water

Question 26

advantages and disadvantages of cliff regrading and drainage

Answer 26

A - prevents landslides and slumping, effective on clay and loose rocks D - can dry the cliff out causing it to crumble, some homes on the cliff may have to be destroyed

Question 27

what is dune stabilisation

Answer 27

planting durable vegetation with solid root system to stabilise dunes because they act like a barrier between land and sea

Question 28

advantages and disadvantages of dune stabilisation

Answer 28

A - maintains natural coastal environment, cheap and sustainable D - time consuming, can be eroded if mistreated by the public

Question 29

why must coastal management be sustainable?

Answer 29

so there is little damage to people's homes and livelihoods as well as not incurring high costs

Question 30

why is soft engineering more sustainable than hard?

Answer 30

because it is cheaper, takes less time and money to maintain. it integrates with the natural environment and creates important habitats so can increase bio diversity of an area **lower environmental impact and lower economic costs**

Question 31

how can an engineering strategy be sustainable?

Answer 31

social - works and benefits for everyone in the present and future economic - doesn't create an unaffordable debt at the time of national debt environmental - encourages wildlife to thrive and increase biodiversity

Question 32

what does SMP stand for?

Answer 32

shoreline management plan

Question 33

what does ICZM stand for?

Answer 33

integrated coastal management plan

Question 34

what do SMP's do?

Answer 34

create a plan for each sediment cell with the aim or protecting important sites without causing problems elsewhere in the cell

Question 35

how many sediment cells are there in the uk?

Answer 35

11

Question 36

what does an SMP identify?

Answer 36

natural processes human activities management decisions

Question 37

what is DEFRA and does it recommend SMP's?

Answer 37

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs | yes for all coastlines in england and wales

Question 38

what do authorities decide to do in each cell?

Answer 38

hold, advance or retreat the line or do nothing

Question 39

what sort of reports go into an SMP>

Answer 39

wave and tide reports local monitoring aerial and lidar reports topographic beach survey reports

Question 40

what does an ICZM strive to achieve?

Answer 40

brings together all that use, manage and develop the coast aims to protect the coastal zone in a very natural way whilst still allowing people to use it and develop it in different ways

Question 41

how are ICZM's intergrated in different ways?

Answer 41

1) the environment is viewed as a whole - the lad and the water are interdependent 2) different uses are considered e.g. fishing, idustry and tourism 3) all levels and scales of authority have an iput into the plan

Question 42

how are iCZM's dynamic strategies?

Answer 42

because they are re-evaluated if the environment or demands of the area change