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Semester Three > IIH L11, L16-L18 Anatomy of the immune system and Viral block > Flashcards

IIH L11, L16-L18 Anatomy of the immune system and Viral block Flashcards

1
Q

Why is lymph from the small intestine milky? A01

A

It contains chylomicrons and is therefore termed chyle

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2
Q

What are lymph nodes? A01

A

Endothelium-lined sinusoids with macrophages that phagocytose and present to lymphocytes

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3
Q

What is the rough size of a lymph node? A01

A

0.1 - 2.5cm

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4
Q

What does the superficial lymph drain in parallel with? A01

A

Veins

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5
Q

What does the deep lymph drain in parallel with? A01

A

Arteries

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6
Q

How long is the thoracic duct? A01

A

38 - 45cm

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7
Q

Where does the thoracic duct extend from? A01

A

L2 to level of clavicle

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8
Q

Which side of the body does the thoracic duct collect from? A01

A

Left

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9
Q

What does the thoracic duct travel between as it travels superiorly from L2? A01

A

Through the diaphragm posterior to the right crus
Between the abdominal aorta and IVC in the abdomen
Between the thoracic aorta and azygos vein in the thorax

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10
Q

How is the viral genome protected? L16

A

By a capsid

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11
Q

What is used to classify viruses? L16

A

RNA or DNA?
Double or single stranded?
Positive or negative sense?
Uses reverse transcriptase?

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12
Q

Example of a cytophatic virus that totally destroys target cells by lysis and produces extremely high amounts of virus? L16

A

Polio

Adenovirus

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13
Q

Example of a less pathogenic virus, chronic infection with small number of virus particles? L16

A

Flu

HIV

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14
Q

Function of interferon stimulated genes? L16

A

Encode anti-viral proteins

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15
Q

Function of IFNγ? L16

A

Macrophage activator

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16
Q

As viruses are intracellular pathogens, on which type of MHC will they present? L16

A

MHC II

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17
Q

Which MHC class used TAP protein? L16

A

MHC I

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18
Q

What are prodromal symptoms? L17

A

The first symptoms of an infection

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19
Q

Why are the prodromal symptoms of many viruses very similar? L17

A

Common cascade of interferon induced responses

20
Q

Which cell of the immune system is cytotoxic against virally infected cells? L17

A

NK cells

21
Q

What inhibits NK cells? L17

A

MHC presentation

22
Q

What are the three things that happen with an NK cell is activated? L17

A

IFNγ release
Granule release
Cytolysis of target cell

23
Q

What are the three cytotoxic pathways against virally infected cells? L17

A

NK cell activation
CD8+ cell activation
Antibody production

24
Q

What is the receptor on NK cells that binds to Fc portion of IgG? L17

A

FcγRIII

25
Q

Example of a zoonose virus? L18

A

Ebola

26
Q

What type of virus is influenza? L18

A

Segmented RNA virus

27
Q

What part of the body does influenza infect? L18

A

Upper and lower respiratory tract

28
Q

As influenza is an RNA virus, is it rapidly or slowly mutating in the population? L18

A

Rapidly

29
Q

Explain antigenic drift. L18

A

High mutation rate of an RNA virus means a likelihood of adaptive changes in the dominant membrane antigens e.g. seasonal flu epidemics

30
Q

What are the dominant membrane antigens found on an RNA virus? L18

A

Haemogglutinin

Neuraminidase

31
Q

Explain antigenic shift. L18

A

Re-assortment of individual segments of a segmented genome virus occurs if there is co-infection across species, and this can lead to a totally new strain causing a pandemic e.g. H1N1 Mexican Swine Flu 2009

32
Q

Two types of HIV? L18

A

HIV-1 and HIV-2

HIV-2 is much slower progressing and often does not require treatment

33
Q

What type of virus is HIV? L18

A

Enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense, RNA virus with an integrated DNA provirus

34
Q

What protein does HIV bind to on CD4+ cells? L18

A

gp120 protein

35
Q

Which enzyme converts ss-RNA to the ds-DNA provirus? L18

A

Reverse transcriptase

36
Q

Function of integrase? L18

A

Cuts the host DNA and ligates in the provirus

37
Q

Examples of anti-viral? L18

A

Integrase inhibitor

Reverse transcriptase inhibitor

38
Q

What is HAART? L18

A

Highly active anti-retroviral therapy; combination of anti-virals

39
Q

First phase of HIV infection? L18

A

Acute seroconversion; fever, flu, diarrhoea, extremely high levels of virus, loss of CD4+ cells

40
Q

Second phase of HIV infection? L18

A

Asymptomatic infection; 7-15 years, no ill health but decreasing CD4+ cells

41
Q

Third phase of HIV infection? L18

A

AIDS; immuno-deficient, CD4+ cells below a critical point, suffers from a complex spectrum of potentially fatal infections

42
Q

How many members of the herpesvirus family are there?L18

A

Eight

43
Q

Which is the only vaccine for a herpesvirus family member? L18

A

Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) for chicken pox/shingles

44
Q

What infection does HHV4 cause? L18

A

Ebstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

45
Q

What infection does HHV5 cause? L18

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

46
Q

Example of a cancer-causing viral infection? L18

A

EBV as it can cause mild B cell lymphomas

Semester Three (12 decks)

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