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Semester Three > IIH L08 Sepsis and the acute inflammatory response > Flashcards

IIH L08 Sepsis and the acute inflammatory response Flashcards

1
Q

Where are dendritic cells found? L08

A

All tissues

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2
Q

Where do dendritic cells migrate to when activated by local tissue injury? L08

A

Secondary lymphoid organs (thymus or spleen)

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3
Q

What are dendritic cells known as when migrating? L08

A

Interdigitating

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4
Q

What are the three functions of DCs? L08

A

Pick up and process antigen, migration to T-cell rich areas, and transmitting danger signals through Toll-like receptors

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5
Q

What are Follicular DCs? L08

A

They present native antigen to B cells

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6
Q

What is the name of DCs that are in the tissue and have not taken up antigen yet? L08

A

Langerhans cells

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7
Q

When the peptide has been phagocytosed and taken up into the peptide binding grooves of MHC II, what is the name of the co-stimulatory molecules that are transported with the peptide to the cell surface? L08

A

E.g. CD40 or CD86

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8
Q

What are Peyer’s patches? L08

A

Aggregations of lymphoid tissue in the ileum of the small intestine

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9
Q

What do monocytes become in tissues? L08

A

Macrophages

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10
Q

Where are fixed beds of macrophages? L08

A

Liver and spleen; they are perfused by blood sinusoid

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11
Q

What are Kupffer cells? L08

A

Liver macrophages; perfused by portal blood supply

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12
Q

Where are the macrophages in the spleen? L08

A

Red pulp

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13
Q

When mast cells degranulate, what do they release? L08

A

Histamine, tryptase, kallikrein, and heparin

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14
Q

What inhibits NK cells? L08

A

Expression of MHC on the antigen; otherwise it instinctively kills the cell

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15
Q

Which cells are particularly killed by NK cells? L08

A

Virus-infected or tumour cells as they often do not express MHCs

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16
Q

What do neutrophils do if they are overwhelmed? L08

A

Form nets of fibrous bands and release their DNA material and toxic substances to trap bacteria

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17
Q

What substance inhibits neutrophil granules from damaging host cells? L08

A

alpha-1 anti-trypsin

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18
Q

What is an anti-inflammatory cytokine? L08

A

IL-10

19
Q

What is a ‘stop’ cytokine? L08

A

fMLP

20
Q

How long do neutrophils circulate in the blood in the absence of infection? L08

A

12-16 hours

21
Q

What are possible causes of neutropenia? L08

A

Aplastic anaemia, cancer, radiation, B12 deficiency, chemotherapy, and autoimmune neutropenia

22
Q

What do active neutrophils stimulate? L08

A

Chemotaxis, degranulation, and superoxide release

23
Q

What causes alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency? L08

A

Liver disease or lung damage

24
Q

What happens in Chronic Granulomatous Disease? L08

A

Failure of NADPH oxidase complex formation so superoxides are not released, resulting in severe and recurrent infections

25
Q

What stimulates mast cell degranulation in the acute inflammatory response? L08

A

C3a

26
Q

What binds to the bacterial cell wall causing it to release histamine in the acute inflammatory response? L08

A

C3b

27
Q

What does C5a do in the acute inflammatory response? L08

A

Increases vascular permeability and chemotaxis for neutrophils by increasing expression of adhesion molecules on the endothelium

28
Q

What interleukin induces chemotaxis? L08

A

IL-8

29
Q

What are examples of the many inflammatory cytokines that activate the endothelium to express adhesion molecules? L08

A

Histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, IL-8, IL-1, IL-6, TNFalpha

30
Q

What is step one of trans-endothelial migration of neutrophils? L08

A

Rolling and tethering

31
Q

What do neutrophils bind to on the endothelium in step one of trans-endothelial migration? L08

A

Selectins

32
Q

What is step two of trans-endothelial migration of neutrophils? L08

A

Chemokine receptors bind to chemokines on luminal side of endothelium; this promotes neutrophil integrin activation

33
Q

What is step three of trans-endothelial migration of neutrophils? L08

A

Activated integrins on neutrophils bind to their ligands using intracellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) expressed on endothelium

34
Q

What is step four of trans-endothelial migration of neutrophils? L08

A

Once within the tissue the neutrophil can further respond to chemokine gradients for correct positioning within the cell

35
Q

What is the receptor for C3b? L08

A

CR1

36
Q

What is the receptor for iC3b? L08

A

CR3/4

37
Q

What receptors do neutrophils use during a primary infection? L08

A

Complement receptors

38
Q

What receptors do neutrophils use during a secondary infection? L08

A

Complement and Fc receptors

39
Q

Following phagocytosis, what products do neutrophils and macrophages release to help kill engulfed microorganisms? L08

A

Reactive oxygen species (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and nitric oxide (NO)

40
Q

What happens if the number of apoptotic neutrophils overwhelms the number of macrophages needed to clear them? L08

A

The neutrophils die by secondary necrosis releasing their toxic contents leading to pus and abscess formation

41
Q

When does sepsis occur? L08

A

When an infection spreads from tissue to the blood, then a systemic inflammatory response

42
Q

What is an example of excessive mast cell degranulation? L08

A

Asthma, hay fever

43
Q

Which cells proliferate to produce new vasculature? L08

A

Fibroblasts lay down collagen

44
Q

What is the ‘respiratory burst’ in neutrophils? L08

A

Production of superoxide ions increases oxygen consumption

Semester Three (12 decks)

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