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Semester Three > IIH L19-L21 The Immune System in Health Block > Flashcards

IIH L19-L21 The Immune System in Health Block Flashcards

1
Q

What is passive vaccination? L19

A

Uses pre-formed elements of the immune system that are transferred to a person so they are immediately protected

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2
Q

Physiological example of passive vaccination? L19

A

Transfer of maternal IgG into the foetal blood

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3
Q

How long does maternal IgG provide protection for the newborn? L19

A

4-6 months

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4
Q

Examples of passive vaccines? L19

A

Rhesus D
VZV
Tetanus (animal serum)

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5
Q

What is active vaccination? L19

A

Occurs naturally when a person comes into contact with an infectious organism and immune memory is generated to prevent future infection with this organism

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6
Q

Examples of active vaccines? L19

A

Whole, live-attenuated: BCG, MMR
Whole, dead: Rabies
Subunit, inactivated toxin: Tetanus
Subunit, recombinant protein: Hep B, HPV

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7
Q

What are adjuvants? L19

A

Materials injected with the vaccine antigen to enhance the immune response

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8
Q

Example of most-widely used adjuvant? L19

A

Alum

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9
Q

What is complete Freund’s adjuvant? L19

A

Oil-in-water emulsion + dead mycobacterium

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10
Q

What is the advantage of a complete Freund’s adjuvant? L19

A

Enhances expression of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines by APCs increasing immune response

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11
Q

Describe a thymus dependent antibody response. L19

A

An APC presents processed antigen to a T helper cell which promotes naive B cell class switching and somatic hypermutation to produce high affinity antibodies in germinal centres with long lasting memory B cells

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12
Q

Describe a thymus independent type 1 antibody response. L19

A

Negative gram bacteria have LPS on their cell wall. LPS is made up of Lipid A, which is a target for the immune system as it not made by mammals. LPS responses are TI1 responses.

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13
Q

Describe a thymus independent type 2 antibody response. L19

A

Bacteria that evade the immune system with a thick polysaccharide capsule have antigens that cannot evoke antibody responses until several months after birth, and full responsiveness isn’t until after 5 yo.

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14
Q

What is a conjugate vaccine? L19

A

Created by attaching a polysaccharide organism to protein antigens

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15
Q

How long does the adaptive immune system remain immature? L20

A

Throughout the first year of life

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16
Q

When are lymphocyte numbers highest? L20

A

Just after birth

17
Q

Which class of antibody is prominent in the neonatal period? L20

A

IgM

18
Q

What are the symptoms of congenital Rubella? L20

A

Sensorineural deafness
Eye disease
Congenital heart disease

19
Q

Examples of congenital infection? L20

A

Toxoplasmosis
CMV
Herpes
Syphilis

20
Q

How long does maternal IgG protect the child? L20

A

First 3-6 months of life

21
Q

Which antibodies do not cross the placenta? L20

A

IgM and IgA

22
Q

Examples of IgG mediated autoimmune diseases? L20

A

Neonatal Myaesthenia Gravis

Neonatal heart block in RO positive SLE pts

23
Q

If there is a delay in the infant developing IgG, what is this called? L20

A

Transient Hypogammaglobulinaemia of Infancy (THI)

24
Q

What is immunesenescence? L21

A

Phenomenon that the immune system deteriorates with age

25
Q

What happens to NK cells with age? L21

A

INCREASE in number, decrease in cytotoxicity

26
Q

What happens to DCs with age? L21

A

Decreased ability to stimulate antigen-specific T cells

27
Q

What happens to monocytes/macrophages with age? L21

A

INCREASE in number, decrease in phagocytosis, decreased ROS

28
Q

What happens to neutrophils with age? L21

A

NO CHANGE in number, decreased chemotaxis, decreased phagocytosis, decreased ROS

29
Q

What happens to cytokines with age? L21

A

Increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines eg. IL-1b, IL-6, TNF and CRP
Decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10

30
Q

What happens to B cells with age? L21

A

DECREASE in naive B cells
INCREASE in memory B cells
Shortening of telomere length, reduced antibody affinity, increase in auto-antibodies

31
Q

What happens to T cells with age? L21

A

DECREASE in naive T cells
INCREASE in CD4+ memory cells
Shortening of telomere length, tendency to become auto-reactive

32
Q

Effect of age on vaccination response? L21

A

The reduction in naive T cells and decline in adaptive immunity means that for the annual flu vaccine that is encouraged for over 65s, less than 50% will produce a protective titre.

33
Q

What is the altered phenotype of T cells with age? L21

A

Loss of CD28 and gain of NKG2D

Semester Three (12 decks)

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