Chapter 2 - Basic Exercise Science

Question 0

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Answer 0

A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically deigned to provide a communication network within the human body.

Question 1

HUMAN MOVEMENT SYSTEM

Answer 1

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.

Question 2

SENSORY FUNCTION

Answer 2

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

Question 3

INTEGRATIVE FUNCTION

Answer 3

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which products the appropriate response.

Question 4

MOTOR FUNCTION

Answer 4

The neuromuscular response to the sensory information.

Question 5

PROPRIOCEPTION

Answer 5

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and movement.

Question 6

NEURON

Answer 6

The functional unit of the nervous system.

Question 7

SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURONS

Answer 7

Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

Question 8

INTERNEURONS

Answer 8

Transmit nerve impulses form one neuron to another.

Question 9

MOTOR (EFFERENT) NEURONS

Answer 9

Transmit nerve impulses form the brain and spinal cord to effector sites.

Question 10

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Answer 10

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 11

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Answer 11

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body.

Question 12

MECHANORECEPTORS

Answer 12

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distorting in body tissues.

Question 13

MUSCLE SPINDLES

Answer 13

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Question 14

GOLGI TENDON ORGANS

Answer 14

Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Question 15

JOINT RECEPTORS

Answer 15

Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

Question 16

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Answer 16

The body’s framework composed of bones and joints.

Question 17

BONES

Answer 17

Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs.

Question 18

JOINTS

Answer 18

Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as an articulation.

Question 19

AXIAL SKELETON

Answer 19

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.

Question 20

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Answer 20

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities.

Question 21

REMODELING

Answer 21

The process of resorption and formation of bone.

Question 22

OSTEOCLASTS

Answer 22

A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue.

Question 23

OSTEOBLASTS

Answer 23

A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation.

Question 24

EPIPHYSIS

Answer 24

The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth.

Question 25

DIAPHYSIS

Answer 25

The shaft portion of a long bone.

Question 26

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

Answer 26

The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.

Question 27

PERIOSTEUM

Answer 27

A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane.

Question 28

MEDULLAR CAVITY

Answer 28

The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored.

Question 29

ARTICULAR (HYALINE) CARTILAGE

Answer 29

Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones.

Question 30

DEPRESSIONS

Answer 30

Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites.

Question 31

PROCESSES

Answer 31

Projections protruding from the bones where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.

Question 32

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Answer 32

A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.

Question 33

ATHROKINEMATICS

Answer 33

Joint motion.

Question 34

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Answer 34

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with the movement of the body.

Question 35

NONSYNOVIAL JOINTS

Answer 35

Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage.

Question 36

LIGAMENT

Answer 36

Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.

Question 37

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Answer 37

Series of muscles that moves the skeleton.

Question 38

EPIMYSIUM

Answer 38

A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle.

Question 39

PERMYSIUM

Answer 39

The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles.

Question 40

ENDOMYSIUM

Answer 40

The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Question 41

TENDONS

Answer 41

Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.

Question 42

SARCOMERE

Answer 42

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin.

Question 43

NEURAL ACTIVATION

Answer 43

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.

Question 44

MOTOR UNIT

Answer 44

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.

Question 45

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Answer 45

Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.