3.1.9 Neurotransmitters Flashcards
(20 cards)
What are the two main divisions of the human nervous system?
Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
What is the role of the spinal cord in the human nervous system?
It facilitates spinal reflexes
The spinal cord connects the brain to the rest of the body and processes reflex actions.
Which areas can the cerebral cortex be divided into?
Frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes
Each lobe has specific functions related to sensory processing, motor control, and cognitive functions.
Where does language processing occur in the brain?
Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, and Geschwind’s territory
These areas are critical for speech production and comprehension.
Which brain regions coordinate voluntary movement?
Primary motor cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia
These areas work together to plan and execute voluntary movements.
What part of the brain is involved in emotion?
Limbic system, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex
These structures play key roles in emotional regulation and processing.
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers of neurons
They facilitate communication between neurons and influence various physiological processes.
What is the most common neurotransmitter in the human body?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
ACh is involved in muscle contractions, learning, memory, and REM sleep control.
What are the primary functions of epinephrine?
Stress response, emotional arousal, anxiety, and fear
It mobilizes the body’s ‘fight-or-flight’ response.
What neurotransmitter is associated with motor function and learning?
Dopamine
Low levels of dopamine are associated with Parkinson’s disease and addiction behaviors.
What is serotonin often referred to as?
A ‘feel-good’ chemical
It regulates mood, appetite, digestion, memory, and sleep.
What is the role of norepinephrine in the body?
Affects emotional arousal and can increase blood pressure
It is chemically similar to epinephrine and functions as both a neurotransmitter and hormone.
Fill in the blank: Acetylcholine is involved in _______ and memory.
learning
Studies show that ACh activity increases during learning activities.
True or False: High levels of serotonin are always beneficial.
False
High levels can lead to serotonin syndrome, characterized by agitation and confusion.
What is the impact of low levels of serotonin?
Linked to depression and mood disorders
Antidepressants often target serotonin levels to alleviate symptoms of depression.
Which neurotransmitter is used in the treatment of severe asthma attacks?
Epinephrine
It helps open airways to improve breathing during anaphylaxis.
What is the effect of nicotine on acetylcholine receptors?
Stimulates ACh receptors
This can enhance cognitive function temporarily.
What is the role of dopamine in addiction?
Explains behaviors such as risk-taking and sensation-seeking
Dopamine release is associated with pleasure and reinforcement in addictive behaviors.
What are some examples of memory enhancers that increase ACh?
Memory enhancers include certain drugs and interventions
These are used to improve cognitive function in memory-related conditions.
What is the function of acetylcholine in REM sleep?
Control of REM sleep
ACh plays a crucial role in the sleep cycle, particularly during REM stages.
