3.2- contribution of agencies in achieving social control Flashcards
(24 cards)
what is crime prevention through environmental design(CPTED) as an environmental tactic
-introduced by C.Ray Jeffery in 1971
-believes the physical environment influences human behaviour
-thus crime is a result of opportunities presented from the physical environment, meaning spaces for opportunity needs to be altered
-well designed spaces will deter crime, as it increases the chances of being seen
what are the core principles of CPTED as an environmental tactic
-physical security: using security gates and locks
-surveillance: making public spaces visible such as open spaces and low hedges
-movement/access control: controlling who can enter such as fencing
-management and maintenance: keeping areas clean and maintained such as removing graffiti
-defensible space: encouraging a sense of ownership, by clearly defined spaces
how does CPTED’s encourage or discourage crime as an environmental tactic
encourage:
-dense and full spaces
-poor lighting
-opaque door material
discourage:
-open space
-good lighting
-clear visability
-transparent door material
how does CPTED achieve internal social control as an environmental tactic
-reinforces positive behaviour
-as a well maintained area shows that disorder isnt tolerated and encourages people to respect the space
-clear territorial boundaries signals responsibility meaning people are more likely to take care of the area
how does CPTED achieve external social control as an environmental tactic
-makes crime more difficult and risky
-natural surveillance means potential offenders know they can be seen therefore crime is discouraged
-access control physically prevents unathorised access
what case study reflects CPTED as an environmental tactic
birmingham bullring market:
-before the redevelopment it was prone to crime due to narrow alleyways and hidden space
-after redesign crime significantly dropped as offenders found it harder to opperate unnoticed
-making businesses and visitors feel safer
-redesign involved better access control and better territoral enforcement
what are the strengths of CPTED as an environmental tactic
-proactive crime prevention: saw crime drop by 12-13% in Ohio
-improves quality of life: brown and altman(1981) found physical modifications promote safer residential settings
-promotes a sense of ownership: encourages community pride and boundary maintenance
what are the weaknesses of CPTED as an environmental tactic
-limited effectiveness: as doesnt work for all crimes like cybercrime and doesnt adress the root cause
-risk of displacement: criminals relocate such as when the NYPD increased surveillance in subways, bus robberies increased
-expensive to implement: as only achievable in new developments as requires significant investment
what is gated lanes as an environmental tactic
aka alley gating
-aim to prevent crime and anti social behaviour in residental areas
-involves installing locked gates at the entrance of alleyways,
restricting access to residents only
-before introduction alleyways provided hidden routes for criminals making it easier to commit burglary and fly tipping
-makes the community feel safer as reduces crime
how does gated lanes achieve internal social control as an environmental tactic
reinforce positive behaviour by:
-encouraging community responsibility: creates a shared sense of ownership
-reduces fear of crime: more likely to challenge suspicious behaviour
-encourage prosocial behaviour: cleaner and safer alleyways discourage crime
how does gated lanes achieve external social control as an environmental tactic
-makes crime more difficult thus creating deterrence
-physically preventing criminal access: by blocked entry points
-increased surveillance and guardianship: fewer unknown individuals passing through
how does the case study of cardiff reflect gated lanes as an environmental tactic
-in 2008 the cardiff coucil installed over 200 lanes benefitting over 7,000 properties built from the victorain era
effect:
-crime and anti social behaviour dropped significantly
-residents reported better quality of life as safer spaces for children to play
-reduction in fly tipping which saves money on clean up costs
how does the case study of preston reflect gated lanes as an environmental tactic
effects:
-burglaries fell up to 50% in some places
-reports of drug use and fly tipping significantly reduced
-residents felt safer and felt more in control of their neighbourhood
-review conducted in 2020 highlighted the positive impact of the council maintaing the gates
what are the strengths of gated lanes as an environmental tactic
-reduces crime: sidebottom et al found it significantly reduced burglary rates
-increases security: preventing unathorised access
-cost effective: one time investment of £4,000 has long term effects
-enhances community control: residents feel more ownership
what are the weaknesses of gated lanes as an environmental tactic
-crime displacement: criminals will more their activities to nearby areas
-ongoing maintenance needed: requires ongoing investment
-can feel exclusionary: “fortness mentality”, marxists critise it as locking out the proletarait
-not a complete solution: doesnt adress the root cause
what are prison designs as an environmental tactic
-shape how inmates behave
-how authorities maintain order
-different designs influence the level of discipline and control
what prison designs exert surveillance and discipline as an environmental tactic
-panopticon prisons
-radial prisons
what prison designs exert harsh punishment and total control as an environmental tactic
-supermax prisons
-mega prisons
what prison designs exert rehabilitation and reintegration as an environmental tactic
-campus style prisons
-open prisons
-human ecological prisons
what are panopticon prisons as an environmental tactic
-designed by Jermey Bentham in late 18th century
-central watchtower: where guards can watch prisoners without them knowing they are being watched
-open and visible cells: meaning always exposed to oberservation
-psychological control: prisoners behave as if they are always being watched
hows does panopticon prisons achieve social control as an environmental tactic
-internal: prisoners regulate their own behaviour due to fear of being constantly monitored leading to self discipline due to internalisation
-external: guards maintain power through illusion of constant surveillance
what are radial prisons as an environmental tactic
-popular in 19th century, as HMP winchester follows this design
-spoke and wheel layout: a central hub with spokes (wings) radiating out meaning guards can see down each wing
-controlled movement: guards can cut of sections easily
-efficient surveillance: as fewer staff are needed
hows does radial prisons achieve social control as an environmental tactic
-external: easy to monitor disorders
-internal: structured environment limits opportunities for rule breaking
-isolation and deterrence: wings can be locked down to prevent disturbance
what are supermax prisons as an environmental tactic
-ADX Florence
