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Module 2 > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

0
Q

Ingestion
Inhalation
Surface absorption
Injection

A

Routes of toxic exposure

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1
Q

Serious poisoning a, especially in children older than 5 may be intentional by

A

Parents or caretakers

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2
Q

Accidental poisonings caused by exposure to chemicals and toxins occur?

A

Farm or industrial workplace

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3
Q

Most common route of entry for toxic exposure?

A

Ingestion

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4
Q 
Cleaning agents 
Cosmetics
Drugs
Food and house hold products
Petroleum based products
Plants
A

Toxic substance abused via ingestion

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5
Q

Rapid absorption of toxic agent through alveolar-capillary membrane in lungs
Can irritate pulmonary passages, causing extensive edema and destroying tissue
Causative agents can appear as gases, vapors, fumes, aerosols

A

Inhalation

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6
Q 
Ammonia
CO
Carbon Tetracholride
Chlorine
Cyanide
Freon
Methyl chloride
A

Inhalation toxins

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7
Q

Entry of toxic substances through skin or mucous membranes

Contact with poisonous plants such as poison ivy, poison sumac, poison oak

A

Surface absorption

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8
Q

Used as pesticides easily absorbed through dermal contact

A

Organophosphates

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9
Q

Toxic agent under the skin,!into muscle, or into blood vessels

A

Injection

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10
Q

Most poisonings results from bites and stings of ?

A

Insects and animals

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11
Q

Insects that sting and bite (honeybees, Hornets , yellow jackets, wasps, fire ants) belong to class?

A

Hymenoptera

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12
Q

Minimizing toxicity by reducing amount of toxins absorbed into body

A

Decontamination

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13
Q

Substance that will neutralize specific toxins or counteract its effect on body; there are not many.

A

Antidote

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14
Q

Type of toxin ingested
Quanity of toxin
Time elapses since ingestion
Whether or took any alcohol or potentiating substance
Drug habitation or abuse; underlying medical or ill lines and allergies.

A

Questions to ask during ingested toxin call

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15
Q

Poisoning is a situation where ____ may be required

A

RSI

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16
Q

Paint, freon, propellants, glue. Amyl nitrate, butyl nitrate. Nitrous oxide

A

Commonly abused inhaled toxins

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17
Q

Patients who inhale paint or propellants are referred as

A

Huffers

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18
Q

Oxygen is displaced from respiratory system producing hypoxia when ?

A

Toxins are inhaled

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19
Q

Leading cause of of poisoning in industrialized countries.
Oderless, tasteless gas, often by product of incomplete combustion of carbon containing compounds
Extremely stable molecule

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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20
Q

Most death from CO are from ?

A

Ventricular fibrillation

21
Q 
Limits O2 transport
Inhibits O2 transfer
Causes tissue inflammation 
Causes reduced cardiac function
Increases activation of nitric oxide
Causes vasodilation
Induces free radical formation
A

CO pathophysiologic effects

22
Q

Extremes of age, very young and elderly
Persons with heart disease
Pregnant women
Patients with decreased oxygen carrying capacity and/or chronic respiratory disease

A

Persons at risk for CO

23
Q

Colorless gas; faint, bitter almond smell

Extremley toxic

A

Cyanide

24
Q

Ingestion of cyanide powder common with?

A

Suicide and homicide

25
Q

Present in commercial and household items; ingested or absorbed
can be inhaled; especially in fires
Extremely fast acting toxin

A

Cyanide

26
Q

Sodium nitrate avoided in combination CO/cyanide poisonings where SpCO greater than ?

A

10%

27
Q

Second antidote for cyanide poisonings is ?

A

Hydroxocobalamin

Cyanokit

28
Q

Acid or base found in home and industrial workplace are

A

Caustic Substances

29
Q

Produce severe burns at site of contact

If ingested, tissue destruction at lips, mouth, esophagus, areas of GI tract.

A

Strong Caustic

30
Q

Extremely toxic; can be lethal despite moderate burns on skin contact.
Penetrates deeply into tissue; in activated only when it comes in contact with cations such as calcium.
Removal of calcium from cells causes total disruption of cell functioning.

A

Hydrofluoric Acid

31
Q

Once commonly used for depression
Marrow therapeutic index : small increase in dose can quickly lead to toxic effects
May be responsible for more deaths due to intentional OD than any other medication.

A

Tricyclic Antidepressant

32
Q

Arrhythmias most common cause of death in

A

TCA

33
Q

Inhibitors used to treat depression and obsessive compulsive disorders.
Serious interactions with foods containing tyramine high morbidity and mortality when overdose
Inhibits breakdown of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and dopamine

A

MAOI

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

34
Q

In treatment of bipolar disorder no other drug is more effective

A

Lithium

35
Q

Activated charcoal reduce this drug absorption and should be used.
Find out time of ingestion
Severe cases may require dialysis

A

Salicylates

Asprin

36
Q

Used to treat fever and or pain ingredients in hundreds of over-the-counter preparations
In large doses can be very dangerous
Dose of 150 mg per kilogram considered toxic may result in death due to injury to the liver
Antidote : N-acetycyseine (NAC, Muccomyst) highly effective but really given in the prehospital setting

A

Acetaminophen

37
Q

Body requires only small amounts on daily basis to maintain store for enzyme and hemoglobin production.
Excess amounts of obtained from nonprescription supplements and multivitamins
Overdose causes gastrointestinal injury and possible shock from hemorrhage

A

Iron

38
Q

Which black widow delivers a bite

A

Females

39
Q

All scorpion sting but only one can cause fatalities which one is it

A

Bark scorpion

40
Q

Forced diuresis and alkalization of urine improve elimination of barbiturates from the body

A

Barbiturates

41
Q

Date rape drug

A

Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)

42
Q

Causes visual disturbances, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting.

A

Methanol

43
Q

Ingestion of methanol or ethylene glycol can cause?

A

Blindness or death

44
Q

Decreased level of consciousness during which patient hallucinates and misinterprets nearby events.

A

DTs

45
Q

Seizure from abstinence may occur within first

A

24-36hrs

46
Q 
Pancreatitis 
Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Hypoglycemia
Subdural Hematoma (due to falls)
Rib and extremity fracture (due to falls)
A

Consequences to alcohol

47
Q

Reaction from abrupt discontinuation of ingestion after prolonged use or from Rapid fall in blood alcohol level after acute intoxication

A

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

48
Q

Poisoning

A

Exposure to nonpharmalogical substances

49
Q

Overdose

A

Exposure to pharmacological substances, whether accidental or intentional

50
Q

The most common route of entry for toxic exposure

A

Ingestion

Module 2 (28 decks)

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